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Interspecies Hydrogen Transfer
Interspecies hydrogen transfer (IHT) is a form of interspecies electron transfer. It is a syntrophic process by which H2 is transferred from one organism to another, particularly in the rumen and other anaerobic environments. IHT was discovered between '' Methanobacterium bryantii'' strain M.o.H and an "S" organism in 1967 by Marvin Bryant, Eileen Wolin, Meyer Wolin, and Ralph Wolfe at the University of Illinois. The two form a culture that was mistaken as a species ''Methanobacillus omelianskii''. It was shown in 1973 that this process occurs between ''Ruminococcus albus'' and ''Wolinella succinogenes''. A more recent publication describes how the gene expression profiles of these organisms changes when they undergo interspecies hydrogen transfer; of note, a switch to an electron-confurcating hydrogenase occurs in ''R. albus'' 7. This process affects the carbon cycle: methanogen Methanogens are microorganisms that produce methane as a metabolic byproduct in hypoxic conditions. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Syntrophic
In biology, syntrophy, synthrophy, or cross-feeding (from Greek ''syn'' meaning together, ''trophe'' meaning nourishment) is the phenomenon of one species feeding on the metabolic products of another species to cope up with the energy limitations by electron transfer. In this type of biological interaction, metabolite transfer happens between two or more metabolically diverse microbial species that lives in close proximity to each other. The growth of one partner depends on the nutrients, growth factors, or substrates provided by the other partner. Thus, syntrophism can be considered as an obligatory interdependency and a mutualistic metabolism between two different bacterial species. Microbial syntrophy Syntrophy is often used synonymously for mutualistic symbiosis especially between at least two different bacterial species. Syntrophy differs from symbiosis in a way that syntrophic relationship is primarily based on closely linked metabolic interactions to maintain thermodynamica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methanobacterium Bryantii
In taxonomy, ''Methanobacterium'' is a genus of the Methanobacteriaceae family of Archaea.See the NCBIbr>webpage on Methanobacterium Data extracted from the Despite the name, this genus belongs not to the bacterial domain but the archaeal domain (for instance, they lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls). Methanobacterium are nonmotile and live without oxygen. Some members of this genus can use formate to reduce methane; others live exclusively through the reduction of carbon dioxide with hydrogen. They are ubiquitous in some hot, low-oxygen environments, such as anaerobic digestors, their wastewater, and hot springs. Examples of Methanobacterium Species '' Methanobacterium bryantii'' is part of the syntrophic ''Methanobacillus omelianskii'' culture. ''Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum'' Marburg can undergo natural genetic transformation, the transfer of DNA from one cell to another. Genetic transformation in archaeal species, generally, appears to be an adaptation for re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ruminococcus
''Ruminococcus'' is a genus of bacteria in the class Clostridia. They are anaerobic, Gram-positive gut microbes. One or more species in this genus are found in significant numbers in the human gut microbiota. The type species is ''R. flavefaciens''. As usual, bacteria taxonomy is in flux, with Clostridia being paraphyletic, and some erroneous members of ''Ruminococcus'' being reassigned to a new genus ''Blautia'' on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. One of the most highly cited papers involving the genus ''Ruminococcus'' is a paper describing interspecies hydrogen transfer between ''Ruminococcus albus'' and ''Wolinella succinogenes''. In 1972, ''Ruminococcus bromii'' was reportedly found in the human gut, which was the first of several species discovered. They may play a role in plant cell wall breakdown in the colon. One study found that ''R. albus'', ''R. callidus'', and ''R. bromii'' are less abundant in people with inflammatory bowel disease. ''Ruminococcus'' are als ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wolinella
The genus ''Wolinella'' is a member of the Campylobacterales order of Bacteria. The order Campylobacterales includes human pathogens such as ''Helicobacter pylori'' and ''Campylobacter jejuni''. Strains The only publicly available strain of ''Wolinella'' is '' Wolinella succinogenes'' DSM 1740 (ATCC 29543). The original isolation of this organism was done by M. J. Wolin, E. A. Wolin and N. J. Jacobs at the University of Illinois. This original isolation was done from bovine rumen fluid and was somewhat serendipitous as the researchers were intending to isolate methanogenic organisms. This bacterium was originally classified as ''Vibrio succinogenes'', but was reclassified in 1981 to ''Wolinella succinogenes'' by A. C. R. Tanner ''et al''. Strains of ''Wolinella'' have been isolated from feline and canine oral cavities. Only one strain is currently published with ''Candidatus'' status: ''Candidatus Wolinella africanus''. This strain was isolated from the upper digestive tracts of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carbon Cycle
The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and Earth's atmosphere, atmosphere of the Earth. Carbon is the main component of biological compounds as well as a major component of many minerals such as limestone. Along with the nitrogen cycle and the water cycle, the carbon cycle comprises a sequence of events that are key to make Earth capable of sustaining life. It describes the movement of carbon as it is recycled and reused throughout the biosphere, as well as long-term processes of carbon sequestration to and release from carbon sinks. Carbon sinks in the land and the ocean each currently take up about one-quarter of anthropogenic carbon emissions each year. Humans have disturbed the biological carbon cycle for many centuries by modifying land use, and moreover with the recent industrial-scale mining of fossil carbon (coal, petroleum and natural gas, gas extraction, and cement manufacture) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methanogen
Methanogens are microorganisms that produce methane as a metabolic byproduct in hypoxic conditions. They are prokaryotic and belong to the domain Archaea. All known methanogens are members of the archaeal phylum Euryarchaeota. Methanogens are common in wetlands, where they are responsible for marsh gas, and in the digestive tracts of animals such as ruminants and many humans, where they are responsible for the methane content of belching in ruminants and flatulence in humans. In marine sediments, the biological production of methane, also termed methanogenesis, is generally confined to where sulfates are depleted, below the top layers. Moreover, methanogenic archaea populations play an indispensable role in anaerobic wastewater treatments. Others are extremophiles, found in environments such as hot springs and submarine hydrothermal vents as well as in the "solid" rock of Earth's crust, kilometers below the surface. Physical description Methanogens are coccoid (spherical shap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
