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Irena Grudzińska-Gross
Irena Grudzińska-Gross (born 15 December 1946) is a Polish historian. After fleeing from her native Poland as a university student following the 1968 Polish political crisis, she obtained her PhD at the Columbia University and became a professor at Emory University and Boston University, as well as a resident scholar at Remarque Institute and Princeton University. A 2018 Guggenheim Fellow in Intellectual and Cultural History, she has written historical books on modern Europe (particularly intellectual history and literature), including '' The Scar of Revolution'' (1991), '' Czeslaw Milosz and Joseph Brodsky: Fellowship of Poets'' (2009), and '' Golden Harvest'' (2011), the latter of which she co-wrote with her ex-husband Jan T. Gross. Biography Irena Grudzińska was born on 15 December 1946 in Gdynia, Kashubia. She is the daughter of cardiologist and communist politician and the sister of banker . After entering the University of Warsaw in 1964, she spent some time in the Comm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gdynia
Gdynia is a city in northern Poland and a seaport on the Baltic Sea coast. With an estimated population of 257,000, it is the List of cities in Poland, 12th-largest city in Poland and the second-largest in the Pomeranian Voivodeship after Gdańsk. Gdynia is part of a conurbation with the spa town of Sopot, the city of Gdańsk, and suburban communities, which together form a metropolitan area called the Tricity, Poland, Tricity (''Trójmiasto'') with around one million inhabitants. Historically and culturally part of Kashubia and Pomerelia, Eastern Pomerania, Gdynia for centuries remained a small fishing village. By the 20th-century it attracted visitors as a seaside resort town. In 1926, Gdynia was granted city rights after which it enjoyed demographic and urban development, with a Modernist architecture, modernist cityscape. It became a major seaport city of Poland. In 1970, 1970 Polish protests, protests in and around Gdynia contributed to the rise of the Solidarność, Solidari ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Scar Of Revolution
''The'' is a grammatical article in English, denoting nouns that are already or about to be mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in English. ''The'' is the most frequently used word in the English language; studies and analyses of texts have found it to account for seven percent of all printed English-language words. It is derived from gendered articles in Old English which combined in Middle English and now has a single form used with nouns of any gender. The word can be used with both singular and plural nouns, and with a noun that starts with any letter. This is different from many other languages, which have different forms of the definite article for different genders or numbers. Pronunciation In most dialects, "the" is pronounced as (with the voiced dental fricative followed by a schwa) when followed by a consonant sound, and as (homophone of the archaic pronoun ''thee' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joseph Brodsky
Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky (; ; 24 May 1940 – 28 January 1996) was a Russian and American poet and essayist. Born in Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg) in the Soviet Union, Brodsky ran afoul of Soviet authorities and was expelled ("strongly advised" to emigrate) from the Soviet Union in 1972, settling in the United States with the help of W. H. Auden and other supporters. He taught thereafter at Mount Holyoke College, and at universities including Yale University, Yale, Columbia University, Columbia, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, and University of Michigan, Michigan. Brodsky was awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize in Literature "for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity". He was appointed Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress, United States Poet Laureate in 1991. According to Professor Andrey Ranchin of Moscow State University, "Brodsky is the only modern Russian poet whose body of work has already been awarde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marquis De Custine
Astolphe-Louis-Léonor, Marquis de Custine (18 March 1790 – 25 September 1857) was a French aristocrat and writer who is best known for his travel writing, in particular his account of his visit to Russia, '' La Russie en 1839''. This work documents not only Custine's travels through the Russian Empire, but also the social fabric, economy and way of life during the reign of Nicholas I. Biography Astolphe de Custine was born in Niderviller, Lorraine. His family belonged to the French nobility and possessed the title marquis since the early 18th century. The paternal branch of the family also owned a famous faience factory. His mother, Delphine de Sabran, Marquise de Custine, came from the House of Sabran and was noted for her intelligence and great beauty. Custine's father and grandfather, Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine, both sympathized with the French Revolution but were both guillotined. Custine's mother was imprisoned and barely escaped the same fate. In the aft ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexis De Tocqueville
Alexis Charles Henri Clérel, comte de Tocqueville (29 July 180516 April 1859), was a French Aristocracy (class), aristocrat, diplomat, political philosopher, and historian. He is best known for his works ''Democracy in America'' (appearing in two volumes, 1835 and 1840) and ''The Old Regime and the Revolution'' (1856). In both, he analyzed the living standards and social conditions of individuals as well as their relationship to the market and state in Western societies. ''Democracy in America'' was published after Tocqueville's travels in the United States and is today considered an early work of sociology and political science. Tocqueville was active in French politics, first under the July Monarchy (1830–1848) and then during the Second French Republic, Second Republic (1849–1851) which succeeded the French Revolution of 1848, February 1848 Revolution. He retired from political life after Napoleon III, Louis Napoléon Bonaparte's 1851 French coup d'état, 2 December 1851 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Evacuation Of Polish Civilians From The USSR In World War II
Following the Soviet invasion of Poland at the onset of World War II, in accordance with the Nazi–Soviet Pact against Poland, the Soviet Union acquired more than half of the territory of the Second Polish Republic or about inhabited by more than 13,200,000 people.Piotr Eberhardt, Political Migrations on Polish Territories (1939–1950).' Polish Academy of Sciences, Stanisław Leszczycki Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization. ''Monographies'', 12. Page 25. Within months, in order to de-Polonize annexed lands, the Soviet NKVD rounded up and deported between 320,000 and 1 million Polish nationals to the eastern parts of the USSR, the Urals, and Siberia. There were four waves of deportations of entire families with children, women, and elderly people aboard freight trains from 1940 until 1941. The second wave of deportations by the Soviet occupational forces across the Kresy macroregion, affected 300,000 to 330,000 Poles, sent primarily to Kazakhstan. � From ''Foreword'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
War Through Children's Eyes
War is an armed conflict between the armed forces of states, or between governmental forces and armed groups that are organized under a certain command structure and have the capacity to sustain military operations, or between such organized groups. It is generally characterized by widespread violence, destruction, and mortality, using regular or irregular military forces. ''Warfare'' refers to the common activities and characteristics of types of war, or of wars in general. Total war is warfare that is not restricted to purely legitimate military targets, and can result in massive civilian or other non-combatant suffering and casualties. Etymology The English word ''war'' derives from the 11th-century Old English words and , from Old French ( as in modern French), in turn from the Frankish , ultimately deriving from the Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic . The word is related to the Old Saxon , Old High German , and the modern German , meaning . History Anthro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ford Foundation
The Ford Foundation is an American private foundation with the stated goal of advancing human welfare. Created in 1936 by Edsel Ford and his father Henry Ford, it was originally funded by a $25,000 (about $550,000 in 2023) gift from Edsel Ford. By 1947, after the death of the two founders, the foundation owned 90% of the Non-voting stock, non-voting shares of the Ford Motor Company. (The Ford family retained the voting shares.) Between 1955 and 1974, the foundation sold its Ford Motor Company holdings and now plays no role in the automobile company. In 1949, Henry Ford II created Ford_Motor_Company#Ford_Philanthropy, Ford Philanthropy, a separate corporate foundation that to this day serves as the philanthropic arm of the Ford Motor Company and is not associated with the foundation. For many years, the foundation's financial endowment was the largest private endowment in the world; it remains among the List of wealthiest foundations, wealthiest. For fiscal year 2023, it reporte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yale University
Yale University is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. Founded in 1701, Yale is the List of Colonial Colleges, third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States, and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution. Yale was established as the Collegiate School in 1701 by Congregationalism in the United States, Congregationalist clergy of the Connecticut Colony. Originally restricted to instructing ministers in theology and sacred languages, the school's curriculum expanded, incorporating humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution. In the 19th century, the college expanded into graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Doctor of Philosophy, PhD in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale's faculty and student populations grew rapidly after 1890 due to the expansion of the physical campus and its scientif ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Foundation For German-Polish Cooperation
The Foundation for German-Polish Cooperation (, ), an organization established 1991 by the governments of the Poland, Republic of Poland and the Germany, Federal Republic of Germany, provides financial support for initiatives that bring Poles and Germans together. 1991-2021 it has subsidised 16 thousand bilateral projects in both countries as well as Polish-German projects in third countries. The total amount of grants awarded since 1991 equals PLN 1 Billion 345 Mil. [EUR 313 Million]. The bilateral Board of the Foundation is nominated by the Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland and the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany. In the early years, the Foundation mainly awarded means for installation of modern infrastructure in Poland. The Foundation supports valuable Polish-German cooperation, in particular partnerships between Polish and German institutions, educational projects that promote knowledge of Poland and Germany, scientific cooperation, and artistic and lit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Banana Youth
Banana youth () was a term coined in the Polish People's Republic during the 1960s to denigrate the children of the ''nomenklatura'', particularly those who participated in the March 1968 protests. The name referenced the banana as a consumer-symbol of out-of-touch affluence at the time. Emergence The phrase 'banana youth' first came into use during the Polish People's Republic as a derogatory term to describe the offspring of the Polish ''nomenklatura'' who were deemed to have aspirations remote from those of the so-called ' Jan Kowalski', or average worker. The allusion to the banana was in the context of consumer shortages in which such exotic fruit was restricted to the diets of the elite. The term gained particular prominence as a means of discrediting those who took part in organising during the March 1968 protests. In March of that year the national newspaper ''Życie Warszawy'' described the archetypal banana youth as aloof from the average worker and ignorant of their e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Commandos (oppositionist Group)
The ''Komandosi'' (The Commandos) was a name used for a group of left wing Polish students in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The group included prominent dissident students such as Seweryn Blumsztajn, Teresa Bogucka, Jan T. Gross, Irena Grudzińska, Irena Lasota, Jan Lityński, Adam Michnik, Henryk Szlajfer, Barbara Toruńczyk, and more. Also, as time passed, some young academic instructors were included, for example Jakub Karpiński, Jadwiga Staniszkis, and Andrzej Zabłudowski. The group came into existence at a time when the somewhat older dissidents, Jacek Kuroń and Karol Modzelewski were in prison following their notorious Open Letter. Following their release, they once again became something of guides for the rebellious students, and the two were considered ''Komandosi'' too (in a somewhat wider sense). The name was popular due to the way in which the students interfered and came to control classroom discussions at University of Warsaw on topics which were politicall ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
