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Ilham Moussaïd
The New Anticapitalist Party ( , NPA ) is a far-left political party in France founded in February 2009. The party launched with 9,200 members and was intended to unify the fractured movements of the French radical Left, and attract new activists drawing on the combined strength of far-left parties in the 2002 presidential elections, where they achieved 10.44% of the vote and 7% in 2007. The political party is closely associated with postal worker Olivier Besancenot, the main spokesman of the former Trotskyist party, the Revolutionary Communist League (LCR), the NPA's main predecessor. In March 2011, and were elected the main spokespersons of the NPA. In May 2012, Myriam Martin supported the candidate of the Left Front, Jean-Luc Mélenchon in the 2012 presidential election instead of the NPA candidate, a worker and union activist at Ford's car plant in Bordeaux, Philippe Poutou, who came eighth in the first round with 411,160 votes, 1.15% of the total votes. She left th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Collective Leadership
In communist and socialist theory, collective leadership is a shared distribution of power within an organizational structure, sometimes publicly described or designed as Primus inter pares, ''primus inter pares'' (''first among equals''). Communist states China Collective leadership in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is generally considered to have begun with reformist Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s during the same time period as the Chinese economic reform, who tried to encourage the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, CCP Politburo Standing Committee to rule by consensus in order to prevent a resurgence of autocracy under Maoism, Maoist rule. General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, CCP general secretary Jiang Zemin formally established himself as the "Primus inter pares, first among equals". Some political analysts has alleged that this era of collective leadership has been said to end with Xi Jin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Regional Council (France)
A regional council () is the elected assembly of a regions of France, region of France. History Regional councils were created by law on 5 July 1972. Originally they were simply consultative bodies consisting of the region's parliamentary representatives plus an equal number of members nominated by the Departments of France, departments and Communes of France, communes. The decentralisation programme of 1982–1983 under President François Mitterrand provided for direct election which began in 1986 and increased the powers of the councils. Operation The assemblies elect their presidents who preside over the meetings and head the regional executive. Electoral system Before 2004 Between 1986 and 2004, regional councils were elected by closed list proportional representation. The National Front (France), Front National was frequently left with the balance of power as a result and this led to a change in the electoral law. Since 2004 Since 2004 three quarters of the seats contin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Presidential Election
The president of France (''ex officio'' also a co-prince of Andorra) is elected by direct popular vote to a five-year term. If the office falls vacant before the end of five years, an election to a new five-year term is held, generally within 20 to 35 days of the vacancy. In France, constitution mandates that presidents cannot be elected for more than two five-year terms. The presidential term was set at five years beginning with the 2002 election. In elections held from 1965 until 1995, the president was elected to a seven-year term. Elections are always held on a Sunday. Candidates appear on the ballot after the Constitutional Council has validated their candidacy. Should no candidate receive over 50% of the vote in the first round, a second round is organised two weeks later with the top two contenders. Candidates in presidential elections in France have the right to visit French military bases on national soil and abroad to gain a better understanding of the French Ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean-Luc Mélenchon
Jean-Luc Antoine Pierre Mélenchon (; born 19 August 1951) is a French politician who has been the ''de facto'' leader of La France Insoumise (LFI) since it was established in 2016. He was the Deputy (France), deputy in the National Assembly (France), National Assembly for the Bouches-du-Rhône's 4th constituency, 4th constituency of Bouches-du-Rhône from 2017 to 2022 and led the La France Insoumise group in the National Assembly from 2017 to 2021. Mélenchon was previously elected as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) in 2009 and reelected in 2014. He has run for President of France three times, in 2012 French presidential election, 2012, 2017 French presidential election, 2017 and 2022 French presidential election, 2022. In 2022, he came within 1.2 percentage points of reaching the second round in France's two-round voting system. After joining the Socialist Party (France), Socialist Party (PS) in 1976, Mélenchon was successively elected a Municipal council (France), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Left Front (France)
The Left Front (, FG or FDG) was a French electoral alliance and a political movement created for the 2009 European elections by the French Communist Party and the Left Party when a left-wing minority faction decided to leave the Socialist Party, and the Unitary Left (Gauche Unitaire), a group which left the New Anticapitalist Party. The alliance was subsequently extended for the 2010 regional elections and the 2012 presidential election and the subsequent parliamentary election. In 2012, its constituent parties were, in addition to the two aforementioned parties, the Unitarian Left (''Gauche Unitaire''), the (''Fédération pour une alternative sociale et écologique'', FASE), (''République et socialisme''), Convergences and Alternative (''Convergences et alternative''), the Anticapitalist Left (''Gauche anticapitaliste''), the Workers' Communist Party of France (''Parti communiste des ouvriers de France'', PCOF) and (''Les Alternatifs''). History 2009 European el ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trotskyism
Trotskyism (, ) is the political ideology and branch of Marxism developed by Russian revolutionary and intellectual Leon Trotsky along with some other members of the Left Opposition and the Fourth International. Trotsky described himself as an orthodox Marxist, a Revolutionary socialism, revolutionary Marxist, and a Bolshevik–Leninist as well as a follower of Karl Marx, Frederick Engels, Vladimir Lenin, Karl Liebknecht, and Rosa Luxemburg. His relations with Lenin have been a source of intense historical debate. However, on balance, scholarly opinion among a range of prominent historians and political scientists such as E.H. Carr, Isaac Deutscher, Moshe Lewin, Ronald Suny, Richard B. Day and W. Bruce Lincoln was that Lenin’s desired “heir” would have been a collective leadership, collective responsibility in which Trotsky was placed in "an important role and within which Joseph Stalin, Stalin would be dramatically demoted (if not removed)". Trotsky advocated for a decen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Olivier Besancenot
Olivier Christophe Besancenot (; born 18 April 1974) is a French far-left political figure and trade unionist, and the founding main spokesperson of the New Anticapitalist Party (''Nouveau parti anticapitaliste'', NPA) from 2009 to 2011. He was a candidate for the 2007 French presidential election, for the '' Ligue communiste révolutionnaire'' (LCR), the French section of the Fourth International. He gained 1.2 million votes, 4.25%, standing as a revolutionary socialist in the 2002 presidential elections. In the first round of the 2007 presidential election, Besancenot received 4.08% of the vote, just short of 1.5 million votes, placing him fifth and eliminating him from the race. In May 2011, Besancenot announced that he would not be standing in the 2012 presidential election. He was succeeded as main spokesperson of the NPA by Myriam Martin, who later left the NPA to found Gauche Anticapitaliste (Anticapitalist Left), and Christine Poupin, joined by Philippe P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2007 French Presidential Election
Presidential elections were held in France on 21 and 22 April 2007 to elect the successor to Jacques Chirac as president of France (and ''ex officio'' Co-Prince of Andorra) for a five-year term. As no candidate received a majority of the vote, a second round was held on 5 and 6 May 2007 between the two leading candidates, Nicolas Sarkozy and Ségolène Royal. Sarkozy was elected with 53% of the vote. Sarkozy and Royal both represented a generational change. Both main candidates were born after World War II, along with the first to have seen adulthood under the Fifth Republic, and the first not to have been in politics under Charles de Gaulle. The election result has been interpreted as an example of center squeeze, a kind of spoiler effect common to the plurality-rule family of voting rules, since Sarkozy, a conservative, and Royal, a socialist, eliminated moderate liberal François Bayrou in the first round, despite polls showing a majority of voters preferred Bayrou i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2002 French Presidential Election
Presidential elections in France, Presidential elections were held in France on 21 April 2002, with a runoff election between the top two candidates, incumbent Jacques Chirac of the Rally for the Republic and Jean-Marie Le Pen of the National Rally, National Front, on 5 May. This presidential contest attracted a greater than usual amount of international attention because of candidate Le Pen's unexpected appearance in the runoff election. Chirac ran for a second term, reduced to five years instead of seven previously by a 2000 French constitutional referendum, 2000 referendum, emphasising a strong economy (mostly unaffected by downturns in Germany and the United States). It was widely expected that Chirac and Lionel Jospin, the outgoing Cohabitation (government), cohabitation Prime Minister of France, Prime Minister and nominee of the Socialist Party (France), Socialist Party, would be the most popular candidates in the first round, thus going on to face each other in the runoff, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Political Party In France
This article contains a list of political parties in France. France has a Multi-party system, multi-party political system: one in which the number of competing political party, political parties is sufficiently large as to make it almost inevitable that, in order to participate in the exercise of power, any single party must be prepared to negotiate with one or more others with a view to forming electoral alliances and/or coalition agreements. The dominant French political parties are also characterised by a noticeable degree of intra-party political faction, factionalism, making each of them effectively a coalition in itself. Up until recently, the government of France had alternated between two rather stable coalitions: * on the centre-left, one led by the Socialist Party (France), Socialist Party and with minor partners such as The Greens (France), The Greens and the Radical Party of the Left. * on the centre-right, one led by Les Républicains, The Republicans (and previous ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Far-left Politics In France
The Far-left politics, far-left in France encompasses political organizations, movements, and ideologies that are considered to be at the furthest left end of the political spectrum. It includes a variety of political traditions, such as revolutionary socialism, anarchism in France, anarchism, Maoism in France, Maoism, and Trotskyism in France, Trotskyism. Historically, the far-left has distinguished itself by opposing the reformist left represented by the French Communist Party, PCF and the French Section of the Workers' International, SFIO, advocating instead for the overthrow of capitalism and the establishment of a classless, egalitarian society. History Origins The roots of the far-left in France can be traced back to the French Revolution (1789–1799), particularly to the ideas of Gracchus Babeuf and the "Conspiracy of the Equals" in 1796. Babeuf envisioned a classless society and sought to overthrow the French Directory, Directory to achieve "perfect equality." His ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
President Of France
The president of France, officially the president of the French Republic (), is the executive head of state of France, and the commander-in-chief of the French Armed Forces. As the presidency is the supreme magistracy of the country, the position is the highest office in France. The powers, functions and duties of prior presidential offices, in addition to their relation with the prime minister and government of France, have over time differed with the various constitutional documents since the Second Republic. The president of the French Republic is the co-prince of Andorra, grand master of the Legion of Honour and of the National Order of Merit. The officeholder is also honorary proto-canon of the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome, although some have rejected the title in the past. The current president is Emmanuel Macron, who succeeded François Hollande on 14 May 2017 following the 2017 presidential election, and was inaugurated for a second term on 7 May ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
