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Ignacy Kluczewski
Ignacy Kluczewski ( – before 1793) was a Polish Royal secretary, Royal Secretary to Stanisław II August, King Stanisław II Augustus King of Poland, of Poland. He was also the Crown Army military official and diplomat who served as a List of ambassadors of Poland to Russia, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth chargé d'affaires to Russian Empire. Biography He was born as the son of Jakub in the family with the military traditions. In 1766 Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, Joseph II conferred on him and his siblings hereditary status of untitled nobility of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1768 he was incorporated to the Szlachta, Polish nobility by the Parliament of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and was granted Ozdoba coat of arms. From January to February 1776 he was serving as a chief of a Polish diplomatic mission in the Russian Empire superseding Antoni Augustyn Deboli. During his short term in Saint Petersburg he was among others responsible for conducting e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor. It developed in the Early Middle Ages, and lasted for a millennium until its Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars. For most of its history the Empire comprised the entirety of the modern countries of Germany, Czechia, Austria, the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Luxembourg, most of north-central Italy, and large parts of modern-day east France and west Poland. On 25 December 800, Pope Leo III crowned the Frankish king Charlemagne Roman emperor, reviving the title more than three centuries after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476. The title lapsed in 924, but was revived in 962 when Otto I, OttoI was crowned emperor by Pope John XII, as Charlemagne's and the Carolingian Empire's successor. From 962 until the 12th century, the empire ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vyalikaya Byerastavitsa
Vyalikaya Byerastavitsa is an urban-type settlement in Grodno Region, Belarus. It serves as the administrative center of Byerastavitsa District. It is located near the city of Grodno. As of 2025, it has a population of 5,647. History It was granted by King Alexander Jagiellon to the Chodkiewicz family. It was a private town of the Chodkiewicz, Mniszech, Potocki and Kossakowski families, administratively located in the Grodno County in the Troki Voivodeship of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In the interwar period, Brzostowica Wielka, as it was known in Polish, was administratively located in the Grodno County in the Białystok Voivodeship (1919–1939), Białystok Voivodeship of Poland. In the 1921 census, 51.4% people declared Jewish nationality, 43.5% declared Polish people, Polish nationality and 5.1% declared Belarusian nationality. During World War II, the town was first Occupation of Poland (1939–1945), occupied by the Soviet Union until 1941, then by Nazi Germany ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holy Cross Church, Warsaw
The Church of the Holy Cross () is a Roman Catholic house of worship in central Warsaw, Poland. It is located on ''Krakowskie Przedmieście'', opposite the main Warsaw University campus. One of the most notable Baroque churches in Poland's capital, its interior contains the heart of Frédéric Chopin, embalmed heart of composer Frédéric Chopin. The Holy Cross Church is currently administered by friars belonging to the Congregation of the Mission of Vincent de Paul. History As early as the 15th century, a small wooden chapel of the Holy Cross had been erected here. In 1526 the chapel was demolished, and a newer church was erected. Refurbished and extended by Paweł Zembrzuski in 1615, the church was too small to fill the needs of the growing city. Initially located well outside the city limits, by the 17th century it had become one of the main churches in the southern suburb (''przedmieście'') of the city that had in 1596 become Poland's capital. In 1653 Queen Ludwika Maria G ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Permanent Council
The Permanent Council (; ) was the highest administrative authority in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth between 1775 and 1789 and the first modern executive government in Europe. As is still typically the case in contemporary parliamentary politics, the members of the Council were selected from the parliament or ''Sejm'' of the Commonwealth. Although it exerted some constructive influence in Polish-Lithuanian politics and government, within the uniquely liberal framework that permitted free speech, because of its unpopularity during the Partitions period, in some Polish texts it was dubbed as ''Zdrada Nieustająca'' - Permanent ''T''reason. History The establishment of an institution of the permanent council, an early form of executive government in the late years of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, was originally recommended by the political reformer Stanisław Konarski.Józef Andrzej Gierowski – ''Historia Polski 1764-1864'' (History of Poland 1764-1864), Państwo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antoni Augustyn Deboli
Antoni Augustyn Deboli (1747–1810) was a Polish noble, diplomat, and politician. He was the representative of the Polish king Stanisław August Poniatowski to the Russian court, from 1788 to 1795, though he had been active as a diplomat there since 1767. Prior to this, he had been a student at the Corps of Cadets In 1780 he became a chevalier of the Order of Saint Stanislaus. During the Kościuszko Uprising The Kościuszko Uprising, also known as the Polish Uprising of 1794, Second Polish War, Polish Campaign of 1794, and the Polish Revolution of 1794, was an uprising against the Russian and Prussian influence on the Polish–Lithuanian Common ..., he was a member of the Supreme National Council. References Diplomats of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1747 births 1810 deaths {{Poland-noble-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parliament Of The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
In modern politics and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: representing the electorate, making laws, and overseeing the government via hearings and inquiries. The term is similar to the idea of a senate, synod or congress and is commonly used in countries that are current or former monarchies. Some contexts restrict the use of the word ''parliament'' to parliamentary systems, although it is also used to describe the legislature in some presidential systems (e.g., the Parliament of Ghana), even where it is not in the official name. Historically, parliaments included various kinds of deliberative, consultative, and judicial assemblies. What is considered to be the first modern parliament, was the Cortes of León, held in the Kingdom of León in 1188. According to the UNESCO, the Decreta of Leon of 1188 is the oldest documentary manifestation of the European parliamentary system. In addition, UNESC ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Szlachta
The ''szlachta'' (; ; ) were the nobility, noble estate of the realm in the Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Depending on the definition, they were either a warrior "caste" or a social class, and they dominated those states by exercising szlachta's privileges, political rights and power. Szlachta as a class differed significantly from the Feudalism, feudal nobility of Western Europe. The estate was officially abolished in 1921 by the March Constitution (Poland), March Constitution."Szlachta. Szlachta w Polsce" ''Encyklopedia PWN'' The origins of the ''szlachta'' are obscure and the subject of several theories. The ''szlachta'' secured Golden Liberty, substantial and increasing political power and rights throughout its history, begin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
Joseph II (13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from 18 August 1765 and sole ruler of the Habsburg monarchy from 29 November 1780 until his death. He was the eldest son of Empress Maria Theresa and her husband, Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, Emperor Francis I, and the brother of Marie Antoinette, Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold II, Maria Carolina of Austria, and Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma. He was thus the first ruler in the Austrian dominions of the union of the Houses of House of Habsburg, Habsburg and House of Lorraine, Lorraine, styled Habsburg-Lorraine. Joseph was a proponent of enlightened absolutism like his brother Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold II; however, his commitment to secularizing, liberalizing and modernizing reforms resulted in significant opposition, which resulted in failure to fully implement his programs. Meanwhile, despite making some territorial gains, his reckless foreign policy badly isolated Austria. He has be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Honourable
''The Honourable'' (Commonwealth English) or ''The Honorable'' (American English; American and British English spelling differences#-our, -or, see spelling differences) (abbreviation: ''Hon.'', ''Hon'ble'', or variations) is an honorific Style (manner of address), style that is used as a prefix before the names or titles of certain people, usually with official governmental or diplomatic positions. Use by governments International diplomacy In international diplomatic relations, representatives of foreign states are often styled as ''The Honourable''. Deputy chiefs of mission, , consuls-general, consuls and honorary consuls are always given the style. All heads of consular posts, whether they are honorary or career postholders, are accorded the style according to the State Department of the United States. However, the style ''Excellency'' instead of ''The Honourable'' is used for ambassadors and high commissioners only. Africa Democratic Republic of the Congo In the Democrati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diplomat
A diplomat (from ; romanization, romanized ''diploma'') is a person appointed by a state (polity), state, International organization, intergovernmental, or Non-governmental organization, nongovernmental institution to conduct diplomacy with one or more other states or international organizations. The main functions of diplomats are representation and protection of the interests and nationals of the sending state; initiation and facilitation of strategic agreements, treaties and conventions; and promotion of information, trade and commerce, technology, and friendly relations. Seasoned diplomats of international repute are used in international organizations (for example, the United Nations, the world's largest diplomatic forum) as well as multinational companies for their experience in management and Negotiation, negotiating skills. Diplomats are members of foreign services and diplomatic corps of various nations of the world. The sending state is required to get the consent of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
