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Hectocotylus
A hectocotylus (plural: ''hectocotyli'') is one of the arms of male cephalopods that is specialized to store and transfer spermatophores to the female. Structurally, hectocotyli are muscular hydrostats. Depending on the species, the male may use it merely as a conduit to the female, analogously to a penis in other animals, or he may wrench it off and present it to the female. The hectocotyl arm was first described in Aristotle's biological works. Although Aristotle knew of its use in mating, he was doubtful that a tentacle could deliver sperm. The name ''hectocotylus'' was devised by Georges Cuvier, who first found one embedded in the mantle of a female argonaut. Supposing it to be a parasitic worm, in 1829 Cuvier gave it a generic name, combining the Greek word for "hundred" and Latin word for "hollow thing". Anatomy Generalized anatomy of squid and octopod hectocotyli: Variability Hectocotyli are shaped in many distinctive ways, and vary considerably between species. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cephalopod Limb
All cephalopods possess flexible limbs extending from their heads and surrounding their beaks. These appendages, which function as muscular hydrostats, have been variously termed arms, legs or tentacles. Description In the scientific literature, a cephalopod ''arm'' is often treated as distinct from a ''tentacle'', though the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, often with the latter acting as an umbrella term for cephalopod limbs. Generally, arms have suckers along most of their length, as opposed to tentacles, which have suckers only near their ends.Young, R.E., M. Vecchione & K.M. Mangold 1999Cephalopoda Glossary Tree of Life web project. Barring a few exceptions, octopuses have eight arms and no tentacles, while squid and cuttlefish have eight arms (or two "legs" and six "arms") and two tentacles.Norman, M. 2000. ''Cephalopods: A World Guide''. ConchBooks, Hackenheim. p. 15. "There is some confusion around the terms ''arms'' versus ''tentacles''. The numerous l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Argonauta Bottgeri
''Argonauta bottgeri'', also known as Böttger's argonaut, is a species of pelagic octopus belonging to the genus '' Argonauta''. The female of the species, like all argonauts, creates a paper-thin eggcase that coils around the octopus much like the way a nautilus lives in its shell (hence the name paper nautilus). ''A. bottgeri'' is the smallest argonaut species. The eggcase rarely exceeds 50 mm in diameter, although exceptional specimens have been known to grow up to 67.0 mm. ''A. bottgeri'' is similar to '' Argonauta hians'', but differs in having more pronounced ribs and prominent tubercles on the keel. The eggcase does not have winged protrusions as is sometimes the case with ''A. hians''. It is generally darker than that of any other species, ranging in colour from ochre-yellow to almost black, although completely white specimens have been reported from South African waters. The eggcase is finely granulated and normally lacks the porcelain-like shine of other speci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Octopus
An octopus ( : octopuses or octopodes, see below for variants) is a soft-bodied, eight- limbed mollusc of the order Octopoda (, ). The order consists of some 300 species and is grouped within the class Cephalopoda with squids, cuttlefish, and nautiloids. Like other cephalopods, an octopus is bilaterally symmetric with two eyes and a beaked mouth at the center point of the eight limbs. The soft body can radically alter its shape, enabling octopuses to squeeze through small gaps. They trail their eight appendages behind them as they swim. The siphon is used both for respiration and for locomotion, by expelling a jet of water. Octopuses have a complex nervous system and excellent sight, and are among the most intelligent and behaviourally diverse of all invertebrates. Octopuses inhabit various regions of the ocean, including coral reefs, pelagic waters, and the seabed; some live in the intertidal zone and others at abyssal depths. Most species grow quickly, mature early ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aristotle
Aristotle (; grc-gre, Ἀριστοτέλης ''Aristotélēs'', ; 384–322 BC) was a Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical period in Ancient Greece. Taught by Plato, he was the founder of the Peripatetic school of philosophy within the Lyceum and the wider Aristotelian tradition. His writings cover many subjects including physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, theatre, music, rhetoric, psychology, linguistics, economics, politics, meteorology, geology, and government. Aristotle provided a complex synthesis of the various philosophies existing prior to him. It was above all from his teachings that the West inherited its intellectual lexicon, as well as problems and methods of inquiry. As a result, his philosophy has exerted a unique influence on almost every form of knowledge in the West and it continues to be a subject of contemporary philosophical discussion. Little is known about his life. Aristotle was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spermatophore
A spermatophore or sperm ampulla is a capsule or mass containing spermatozoa created by males of various animal species, especially salamanders and arthropods, and transferred in entirety to the female's ovipore during reproduction. Spermatophores may additionally contain nourishment for the female, in which case it is called a nuptial gift, as in the instance of bush crickets. In the case of the toxic moth '' Utetheisa ornatrix'', the spermatophore includes sperm, nutrients, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids which prevent predation because it is poisonous to most organisms. However, in some species such as the Edith's checkerspot butterfly, the "gift" provides little nutrient value. The weight of the spermatophore transferred at mating has little effect on female reproductive output. Arthropods Spermatophores are the norm in arachnids and several soil arthropods. In various insects, such as bush crickets, the spermatophore is often surrounded by a proteinaceous spermatophyla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Argonautidae
The Argonautidae are a family of pelagic cephalopods that inhabit tropical and temperate oceans of the world. The family encompasses the modern paper nautiluses of the genus '' Argonauta'' along with several extinct genera of shelled octopods. Though argonauts are derived from benthic octopuses, they have evolved to depart the sea floor and live their life-cycle in the open seas. The family is characterised by brittle white shells constructed by the females, but which the dwarf male argonauts lack. These shells are primarily egg-cases, and are not attached to the body of the female. Paper nautiluses are often found washed up on beaches and are valued for their delicate beauty. The shell also plays the role of a buoyancy device, which the female controls by varying the amount of gulped air.Finn, Julian K., and Mark D. Norman. "The Argonaut Shell: Gas-mediated Buoyancy Control in a Pelagic Octopus." Proceedings: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1696 (2010): 2967-971. Accessed March ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enoploteuthidae
The Enoploteuthidea are a family of squid comprising approximately 40 species in four genera. Most species have a mantle length ranging from 3–13 cm. Hooks are present on all arms and tentacles. The family is best known for the large array of photophores A photophore is a glandular organ that appears as luminous spots on various marine animals, including fish and cephalopods. The organ can be simple, or as complex as the human eye; equipped with lenses, shutters, color filters and reflectors, ... throughout the body. Species *Genus '' Abralia'' **'' Abralia andamanica'' **'' Abralia armata'' **'' Abralia astrolineata'' **'' Abralia astrosticta'' **'' Abralia dubia'' **'' Abralia fasciolata'' **'' Abralia grimpei'' **'' Abralia heminuchalis'' **'' Abralia marisarabica'' **'' Abralia multihamata'' **'' Abralia omiae'' **'' Abralia redfieldi'' **'' Abralia renschi'' **'' Abralia robsoni'' **'' Abralia siedleckyi'' **'' Abralia similis'' **'' Abralia spaercki'' ** ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tree Of Life Web Project
The Tree of Life Web Project is an Internet project providing information about the diversity and phylogeny of life on Earth. This collaborative peer reviewed project began in 1995, and is written by biologists from around the world. The site has not been updated since 2011, however the pages are still accessible. The pages are linked hierarchically, in the form of the branching evolutionary tree of life, organized cladistically. Each page contains information about one particular group of organisms and is organized according to a branched tree-like form, thus showing hypothetical relationships between different groups of organisms. In 2009 the project ran into funding problems from the University of Arizona. Pages and Treehouses submitted took a considerably longer time to be approved as they were being reviewed by a small group of volunteers, and apparently, around 2011, all activities ended. History The idea of this project started in the late 1980s. David Maddison was wo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abraliopsis Morisi
''Abraliopsis morisii'' is a species of bioluminescent squid in the family Enoploteuthidae. The species occurs in tropical to warm temperate waters in the Atlantic Ocean, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Mediterranean Sea. It can be found in the epipelagic and mesopelagic zones. Jean Baptiste Vérany described the species in 1839 and it reaches lengths of . It is rated as least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Description Male specimens of ''A. morisii'' mature in between 120 and 130 days, and females mature in between 150 and 160 days; although, a mature female has been observed at 127 days and a mature male at 105 days. It occurs in the Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico. Its integumental photophores are scattered randomly and it has five ocular photophores. The hectocotylus contains a long flap at the ventral margin and a short flap at the dorsal margin. Mature males can reach a mantle length of and females may ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abraliopsis Morisi Hectocotylus-English
''Abraliopsis'' is a genus of squid in the family Enoploteuthidae comprising 11 nominal species. Species are characterised by the presence of photophores on arm pair IV. Suckers are absent from this arm. The type species is '' Abraliopsis hoylei''. Species The following species are listed as members of the genus ''Abraliopsis'': *Subgenus ''Abraliopsis'' Joubin, 1896 **'' Abraliopsis hoylei'' (Pfeffer, 1884) **'' Abraliopsis morisii'' ( Vérany, 1839), Pfeffer's enope squid **'' Abraliopsis pacificus '' Tsuchiya & Okutani, 1990 **'' Abraliopsis tui'' Riddell, 1985 *Subgenus ''Boreabraliopsis'' Tsuchiya & Okutani, 1988 **'' Abraliopsis felis'' McGowan & Okutani, 1968 *Subgenus ''Micrabralia'' Pfeffer, 1900 **'' Abraliopsis gilchristi'' Robson, 1924 **'' Abraliopsis lineata'' Goodrich, 1896 *Subgenus ''Pfefferiteuthis'' Tsuchiya & Okutani, 1988 **'' Abraliopsis affinis'' (Pfeffer, 1912) **'' Abraliopsis atlantica'' Nesis, 1982 **'' Abraliopsis chuni '' Nesis, 1982 **'' Abralio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Funnel–mantle Locking Apparatus
The funnel–mantle locking apparatus is a structure found in many cephalopods that connects the mantle and hyponome (funnel) and restricts their movement relative to each other.Young, R.E., M. Vecchione & K.M. Mangold (1999)Cephalopoda Glossary Tree of Life Web Project. It consists of two interlocking components: one located on the mantle (often fibrous) and the other on the funnel (often cartilaginous). The apparatus may permit some anterior–posterior displacement or prevent movement altogether. Function Variability Funnel component Six major forms of the funnel locking apparatus are recognised among teuthids (lazy-T shape, inverted-T shape, straight shape, triangular shape, oval with tragus and/or antitragus, and oval shape) and several more are found in the sepioids (including the boomerang shape and keyhole shape).Young, R.E., M. Vecchione & K.M. Mangold (1997)Cephalopod Funnel Locking-Apparatus Tree of Life Web Project The Tree of Life Web Project is an Interne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
