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Hyperoside
Hyperoside is a chemical compound. It is the 3-''O''-galactoside of quercetin. Natural occurrences Hyperoside has been isolated from ''Drosera rotundifolia'', from the Lamiaceae ''Stachys sp.'' and ''Prunella vulgaris'', from ''Rumex acetosella'', '' Cuscuta chinensis'' seeds, from St John's wort and from ''Camptotheca acuminata''. It is one of the phenolic compounds in the invasive plant ''Carpobrotus edulis'' and contributes to the antibacterial properties of the plant. In '' Rheum nobile'' and '' R. rhaponticum'', it serves as a UV blocker found in the bracts. It is also found in ''Geranium niveum ''Geranium niveum'' is a plant species in the genus ''Geranium''. It is a medicinal herb widely used by the Tarahumara Indians of Mexico. Geranin A Geranin A is an A type proanthocyanidin of the propelargonidin sub type. Its structure is ep ...'' and '' Taxillus kaempferi''.The constituents of Taxillus kaempferi and the host, Pinus thunbergii. I. Catechins and flavones of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rheum Rhaponticum
''Rheum rhaponticum'', the false rhubarb, rhapontic rhubarb or rhapontic, is a plant species in the genus ''Rheum'' found in the wild. It is the only ''Rheum'' species found only in Europe, and is now restricted to the Rila mountain range in south-western Bulgaria. It was introduced to other countries in Europe. It is considered to be one of the parents of the modern culinary rhubarb. Description ''Rheum rhaponticum'' is a robust perennial herbaceous plant growing from a woody rhizome. It has large, undivided leaves, with succulent petioles (stalks). The blade of the leaf is up to 50 cm long, and is wider than its length. The leaves are heart-shaped at the base with five prominent nerves. The petioles are concave above and convex below, with about 10 ridges. The flowers are borne in a panicle and are light greenish-yellow in colour. The fruits have membrane-like wings and are about 5 mm long on pedicels (stems) of the same length. Karyotypy In 1928, Jaretzky found ''R. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hypericum Perforatum
''Hypericum perforatum'', commonly known as St. John's wort (sometimes perforate St. John's wort or common St. John's wort), is a flowering plant in the family Hypericaceae. It is a hairless, Perennial, perennial herb with woody Root, roots, yellow Flower, flowers marked by black glands, and leaves that appear Perforation, perforated due to translucent glands, producing thousands of seeds per plant. ''H. perforatum'' is the type species of its genus, known for its historical use in folklore and traditional medicine. Probably a Hybrid (biology), hybrid between the closely related ''Hypericum attenuatum, H. attenuatum'' and ''Hypericum maculatum, H. maculatum'' (imperforate St. John's wort) that originated in Siberia, the species has Cosmopolitan distribution, spread worldwide. It can further hybridize with related species due to its Polyploidy, allopolyploid nature. It is native to much of Europe, West Asia, West and Central Asia, and parts of Africa and China and has been wide ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Galactoside
A galactoside is a glycoside containing galactose. The H of the OH group on carbon-1 of galactose is replaced by an organic moiety. Depending on whether the glycosidic bond lies "above" or "below" the plane of the galactose molecule, galactosides are classified as α-galactosides or β-galactosides. A β-galactoside is a type of galactoside in which the glycosidic bond lies above the plane of the galactose residue. The most commonly recognized and used β-galactoside in biochemistry is lactose Lactose is a disaccharide composed of galactose and glucose and has the molecular formula C12H22O11. Lactose makes up around 2–8% of milk (by mass). The name comes from (Genitive case, gen. ), the Latin word for milk, plus the suffix ''-o .... However, other chemicals, such as ONPG, are known, but these are typically synthesized for biochemical assays. Galactosides play significant roles in metabolic processes of many organisms and are hydrolyzed by a class of enzymes called ga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rheum Nobile
''Rheum nobile'', the Sikkim rhubarb or noble rhubarb (पदमचाल), is a giant herbaceous plant of the Buckwheat Family (Polygonaceae) and native to the Himalayas, from northeastern Afghanistan, east through northern Pakistan and India (in Sikkim), Nepal, Bhutan, and Tibet to Myanmar, occurring in the alpine tundra, alpine zone at 4000–4800 m altitude. It is an extraordinary species of rhubarb (genus ''Rheum (plant), Rheum''). At 1–2 m tall, the monocarpic inflorescences of ''R. nobile'' tower above the other shrubs and low herbs in its habitat, and it is visible across valleys from several kilometres. ''R. nobile'' is often called a ''glasshouse plant'' because of its outer curtain of translucent bracts which pass visible light, creating a greenhouse effect, while blocking ultraviolet radiation. These are likely defenses against the increased UV-B exposure and extreme cold in its high altitude range.Iwashina et al. p.101 It also provides a safe haven for its polli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kappa-opioid Receptor Antagonists
An opioid antagonist, or opioid receptor antagonist, is a receptor antagonist that acts on one or more of the opioid receptors. Naloxone and naltrexone are commonly used opioid antagonist drugs which are competitive antagonists that bind to the opioid receptors with higher affinity than agonists but do not activate the receptors. This effectively blocks the receptor, preventing the body from responding to opioids and endorphins. Some opioid antagonists are not pure antagonists but do produce some weak opioid partial agonist effects, and can produce analgesic effects when administered in high doses to opioid-naive individuals. Examples of such compounds include nalorphine and levallorphan. However, the analgesic effects from these specific drugs are limited and tend to be accompanied by dysphoria, most likely due to additional agonist action at the κ-opioid receptor. As they induce opioid withdrawal effects in people who are taking, or have recently used, opioid full agonists, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flavonoid Galactosides
Flavonoids (or bioflavonoids; from the Latin word ''flavus'', meaning yellow, their color in nature) are a class of polyphenolic secondary metabolites found in plants, and thus commonly consumed in the diets of humans. Chemically, flavonoids have the general structure of a 15-carbon skeleton, which consists of two phenyl rings (A and B) and a heterocyclic ring (C, the ring containing the embedded oxygen). This carbon structure can be abbreviated C6-C3-C6. According to the IUPAC nomenclature, they can be classified into: *flavonoids or bioflavonoids *isoflavonoids, derived from 3-phenyl chromen-4-one (3-phenyl-1,4-benzopyrone) structure *neoflavonoids, derived from 4-phenylcoumarin (4-phenyl-1,2-benzopyrone) structure The three flavonoid classes above are all ketone-containing compounds and as such, anthoxanthins (flavones and flavonols). This class was the first to be termed bioflavonoids. The terms flavonoid and bioflavonoid have also been more loosely used to describe non-ke ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quercetin Glycosides
Quercetin is a plant flavonol from the flavonoid group of polyphenols. It is found in many fruits, vegetables, leaves, seeds, and grains; capers, red onions, and kale are common foods containing appreciable amounts of it. It has a bitter flavor and is used as an ingredient in dietary supplements, beverages, and foods. Occurrence Quercetin is a flavonoid widely distributed in nature. The name has been used since 1857, and is derived from ''quercetum'' (oak forest), after the oak genus ''Quercus''. It is a naturally occurring polar auxin transport inhibitor. Quercetin is one of the most abundant dietary flavonoids, with an average daily consumption of 25–50 mg. In red onions, higher concentrations of quercetin occur in the outermost rings and in the part closest to the root, the latter being the part of the plant with the highest concentration. One study found that organically grown tomatoes had 79% more quercetin than non-organically grown fruit. Quercetin is present in va ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taxillus Kaempferi
''Taxillus kaempferi'' () is a parasitic plant species in the genus '' Taxillus'' found in China (Anhui, Fujian, W Hubei, S Jiangxi, Sichuan, S Zhejiang), Bhutan and Japan. Its host is ''Pinus thunbergii''.The constituents of Taxillus kaempferi and the host, Pinus thunbergii. I. Catechins and flavones of Taxillus kaempferi. Konishi T, Nishio T, Kiyosawa S, Fujiwara Y and Konoshima T, Yakugaku Zasshi., February 1996, volume 116, issue 2, pages 148-157 (article in Japanese) The flavonol avicularin can be produced from ''T. kaempferi''.Avicularin, a plant flavonoid, suppresses lipid accumulation through repression of C/EBPα-activated GLUT4-mediated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 cells. Fujimori K and Shibano M, J Agric Food Chem., 29 May 2013, volume 61, issue 21, pages 5139-5147, , Other flavonoids constituents of the plant are hyperin, quercitrin Quercitrin is a glycoside formed from the flavonoid quercetin and the deoxy sugar rhamnose. Austrian chemist Heinrich Hlasiwetz (182 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geranium Niveum
''Geranium niveum'' is a plant species in the genus ''Geranium''. It is a medicinal herb widely used by the Tarahumara Indians of Mexico. Geranin A Geranin A is an A type proanthocyanidin of the propelargonidin sub type. Its structure is epi- afzelechin-(4β→8, 2β→O→7)-afzelechin. Geranins A and B can be found in '' Geranium niveum'' and show antiprotozoal Antiprotozoal agents ( AT ... (epi-afzelechin-(4β→8, 2β→O→7)-afzelechin), geranin B (epi-catechin-(4β→8, 2β→O→7)-afzelechin), mahuannin B, reynoutrin, hyperin, methyl gallate and 3-beta-caffeoyl-12-oleanen-28-oic acid can be found in ''G. niveum''. References External links ''Geraniumm niveum'' at CollectionSearchCenter niveum Flora of Mexico Plants described in 1886 {{Geraniaceae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carpobrotus Edulis
''Carpobrotus edulis'' is a creeping plant with succulent leaves in the genus '' Carpobrotus'', native to South Africa. Its common names include hottentot-fig, sour fig, ice plant, highway ice plant, or vygie. Description ''Carpobrotus edulis'' is a creeping, mat-forming succulent species. It grows year round, with individual shoot segments growing more than 1 m (3 ft) per year. It can grow to at least 50 m (165 ft) in diameter. The leaves are a dull-green or yellow-green colour. They are very slightly curved and have serrated sides near the tips. The yellow flowers are produced from April to October, and range from in diameter. Two of the calyx lobes are longer, extending further than the petals. The flowers open in the morning in bright sunlight and close at night. The receptacle is somewhat wedge-shaped, tapering down to the pedicel. The fruit is multi-chambered, ripening from green to yellow. Chemistry ''C. edulis'' contains rutin, neohesperidin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quercetin
Quercetin is a plant flavonol from the flavonoid group of polyphenols. It is found in many fruits, vegetables, leaves, seeds, and grains; capers, red onions, and kale are common foods containing appreciable amounts of it. It has a bitter flavor and is used as an ingredient in dietary supplements, beverages, and foods. Occurrence Quercetin is a flavonoid widely distributed in nature. The name has been used since 1857, and is derived from ''quercetum'' (oak forest), after the oak genus ''Quercus''. It is a naturally occurring polar auxin transport inhibitor. Quercetin is one of the most abundant dietary flavonoids, with an average daily consumption of 25–50 mg. In red onions, higher concentrations of quercetin occur in the outermost rings and in the part closest to the root, the latter being the part of the plant with the highest concentration. One study found that organically grown tomatoes had 79% more quercetin than non-organically grown fruit. Quercetin is present in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Camptotheca Acuminata
''Camptotheca acuminata'' is a species of tree in the '' Camptotheca'' genus that is native to north Vietnam and southern China. It is also cultivated in the southern United States. A eudicot, it is a flowering deciduous tree with light gray bark. It can grow to a height of . Its large, papery leaves are somewhat oval in shape, usually long and wide. The flowers, which bloom from May through July, produce a gray-brown fruit with one seed in September. Uses ''Camptotheca acuminata'' is a source of camptothecin chemicals, which have been tested for potential use as treatments for cancer and HIV. The modern chemotherapy drugs topotecan and irinotecan are derived from it, though now the molecules are produced in a lab environment rather than extracted from the leaves and bark of the tree. Because of this, it is sometimes called the "cancer tree". In traditional Chinese medicine, the tree is called ("tree of joy" or "happy tree") and was considered a relatively unimportan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
