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Hyksos
The Hyksos (; Egyptian language, Egyptian ''wikt:ḥqꜣ, ḥqꜣ(w)-wikt:ḫꜣst, ḫꜣswt'', Egyptological pronunciation: ''heqau khasut'', "ruler(s) of foreign lands"), in modern Egyptology, are the kings of the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt (fl. c. 1650–1550 BC). Their seat of power was the city of Avaris in the Nile Delta, from where they ruled over Lower Egypt and Middle Egypt up to Cusae. In the ''Aegyptiaca'', a history of Egypt written by the Greco-Egyptian priest and historian Manetho in the 3rd century BC, the term Hyksos is used ethnically to designate people of probable West Semitic, Levantine origin. While Manetho portrayed the Hyksos as invaders and oppressors, this interpretation is questioned in modern Egyptology. Instead, Hyksos rule might have been preceded by groups of Canaanite peoples who gradually settled in the Nile Delta from the end of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt, Twelfth Dynasty onwards and who may have seceded from the crumbling and unstable Egyptia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ahmose I
Ahmose I (''Amosis'', ''Aahmes''; meaning "Iah (the Moon) is born") was a pharaoh and founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt in the New Kingdom of Egypt, the era in which ancient Egypt achieved the peak of its power. His reign is usually dated to the mid-16th century BC at the beginning of the Late Bronze Age. During his reign, Ahmose completed the conquest and expulsion of the Hyksos, restored Theban rule over Lower- and Upper Egypt, and successfully reasserted Egyptian power in its formerly subject territories of Nubia and Canaan. He then reorganized the administration of the country, reopened quarry, quarries, mining, mines and trade routes and began massive construction projects of a type that had not been undertaken since the time of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt, Middle Kingdom. This building program culminated in the construction of the last Egyptian pyramids, pyramid built by native Egyptian rulers. Ahmose's reign laid the foundations for the New Kingdom of Egypt, New ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khyan
Seuserenre Khyan (also Khayan or Khian) was a Hyksos Pharaoh, king of the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt, ruling over Lower Egypt in the second half of the 17th century BC, 17th century BCE. His royal name Seuserenre translates as "The one whom Ra, Re has caused to be strong." Khyan bears the titles of an Egyptian king, but also the title ''ruler of the foreign land'' (heqa-khaset). The later title is the typical designation of the Hyksos rulers. Khyan is one of the better attested kings from the Hyksos period, known from many seals and seal impressions. Remarkable are objects with his name found at Knossos and Hattusha indicating diplomatic contacts with Crete and the Hittites. A sphinx with his name was bought on the art market at Baghdad and might demonstrate diplomatic contacts to Babylon, in an example of Egypt-Mesopotamia relations. Hyksos Kingdom Khyan's seat of power was located in Avaris, which hosted a strongly fortified palace. Seal impressions of Khyan and a stela of his ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Avaris
Avaris (Egyptian: ḥw.t wꜥr.t, sometimes ''hut-waret''; ; ; ) was the Hyksos capital of Egypt located at the modern site of Tell el-Dab'a in the northeastern region of the Nile Delta. As the main course of the Nile migrated eastward, its position at the hub of Egypt's delta emporia made it a major capital suitable for trade. It was occupied from about the 18th century BC until its capture by Ahmose I. Etymology The name in the Egyptian language of the 2nd millennium BC was probably pronounced *Ḥaʔət-Waʕrəʔ “House of the Region” and denotes the capital of an administrative division of the land (''wʕr.t''). Today, the name ''Hawara'' survives, referring to the site at the entrance to Faiyum. Alternatively, Clement of Alexandria referred to the name of this city as "Athyria". Excavations In 1885, the Swiss Édouard Naville started the first excavations in the area around Tell-el-Daba. Between 1941 and 1942, Labib Habachi, an Egyptian Egyptologist first forwarde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fifteenth Dynasty Of Egypt
The Fifteenth Dynasty was a foreign dynasty of ancient Egypt. It was founded by Salitis, a Hyksos from West Asia whose people had invaded the country and conquered Lower Egypt. The 15th, 16th, and 17th Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title, Second Intermediate Period. The 15th Dynasty dates approximately from 1650 to 1550 BC. Dynastic history The kings of the Fifteenth Dynasty are said to have been Canaanite. Pharaoh Kamose is known to have referred to Apophis, one of the kings of the dynasty, as "Chieftain of Retjenu (i.e. Caanan)". The kings of the Fifteenth Dynasty formed "the second Asiatic Kingdom in the Delta", covering an area which may have included Canaan itself, although the archaeological record is sparse. The dynasty probably lasted for a period of about 108 years. The first king, also described as a Hyksos (''ḥḳꜣw-ḫꜣswt'', a "shepherd" according to Africanus), led his people into an occupation of the Nile Delta area and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sakir-Har
Sakir-Har (Śkr-hr; Seker-Har) was a Hyksos king of the early Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt, ruling over some part of Lower Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, possibly in the early 16th century BC. Attestation Sakir-Har is attested by a single inscription on a doorjamb excavated at Tell el-Dab'a—ancient Avaris—by Manfred Bietak in the 1990s. Doorjamb, Cairo TD-8316 The doorjamb, now in Cairo under the catalog number Cairo TD-8316, bears his partial royal titulary in the manner of the Ancient Egyptian, showing his Nebti and Golden Falcon names, as well as his nomen. The doorjamb reads Theories The doorjamb confirms the identity of Sakir-Har as one of the kings of the Hyksos Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt. His immediate successor could have been the powerful Hyksos ruler, Khyan, if he was the third Hyksos king of this dynasty, although Sakir-Har's precise position within this dynasty has not yet been established firmly. The name Sakir-Har may translate as "Reward ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seventeenth Dynasty Of Egypt
The Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XVII, alternatively 17th Dynasty or Dynasty 17) was a dynasty of Pharaoh, pharaohs that ruled in Upper Egypt during the late Second Intermediate Period of Egypt, Second Intermediate Period, approximately from 1580 to 1550 BC. Its mainly Thebes, Egypt, Theban rulers are contemporary with the Hyksos of the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt, Fifteenth Dynasty and succeed the Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt, Sixteenth Dynasty, which was also based in Thebes.The chronology of the 17th dynasty is very uncertain and the king lists provide little help. In March 2012, French archeologists examining a limestone door in the Precinct of Amun-Re at Karnak discovered hieroglyphs with the name Senakhtenre Ahmose, Senakhtenre, the first evidence of this king dating to his lifetime. The last two kings of the dynasty opposed the Hyksos rule over Egypt and initiated a war that would rid Egypt of the Hyksos kings and began a period of unified rule, the New Kingd ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sixteenth Dynasty Of Egypt
The Sixteenth Dynasty of ancient Egypt (notated Dynasty XVI) was a dynasty of pharaohs that ruled the Theban region in Upper Egypt for 70 years. This dynasty, together with the 15th Dynasty, 15th and 17th Dynasty, 17th dynasties, are often combined under the group title, Second Intermediate Period (c. 1650–1550 BC), a period that saw the division of Upper and Lower Egypt between the pharaohs at Thebes, Egypt, Thebes and the Hyksos kings of the 15th Dynasty based at Avaris. Identification Of the two chief versions of Manetho's ''Aegyptiaca'', the Sixteenth Dynasty is described by the more reliable Sextus Julius Africanus, Africanus (supported by George Syncellus, Syncellus) as "shepherd [''hyksos''] kings", but by Eusebius of Caesarea, Eusebius as Thebes, Egypt, Theban. Kim Ryholt, Ryholt (1997), followed by Bourriau (2003), in reconstructing the Turin King List, Turin canon, interpreted a list of Thebes-based kings to constitute Manetho's Sixteenth Dynasty, although this is o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thebes, Egypt
Thebes (, , ''Thēbai''), known to the ancient Egyptians as Waset, was an ancient Egyptian city located along the Nile about south of the Mediterranean. Its ruins lie within the modern Egyptian city of Luxor. Thebes was the main city of the fourth Upper Egyptian nome (Sceptre nome) and was the capital of Egypt for long periods during the Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom eras. It was close to Nubia and the Eastern Desert, with its valuable mineral resources and trade routes. It was a religious center and the most venerated city during many periods of ancient Egyptian history. The site of Thebes includes areas on both the eastern bank of the Nile, where the temples of Karnak and Luxor stand and where the city was situated; and the western bank, where a necropolis of large private and royal cemeteries and funerary complexes can be found. In 1979, the ruins of ancient Thebes were classified by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. Toponymy The Egyptian name for Thebes was ''w� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aamu
Aamu () was a name used to designate West Asians in ancient Egypt. It is often translated as "Western Asiatic", but it might refer specifically to Canaanites or Amorites. The Egyptologist and linguist Thomas Schneider (Egyptologist), Thomas Schneider states that ''ꜥꜣm'' was attested as early as the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt and is likely a loanword from early Semitic languages, Semitic term ''drmj'', "inhabitant of the south (of Palestine (region), Palestine)". Contemporary Egyptian sources from the time of the wars against the Hyksos also refer to the latter as . Although they have left no inscriptions in their own language, some of their personal names have turned up in Egyptian records, which are a syntactical and lexical match for West Semitic languages, West Semitic dialects. An ancient Egyptian painting in the tomb of Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt, 12th Dynasty official Khnumhotep II, at Beni Hasan (), shows a group of West Asiatic foreigners, possibly Canaanites, labelled as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thirteenth Dynasty Of Egypt
The Thirteenth Dynasty of ancient Egypt (notated Dynasty XIII) was a series of rulers from approximately 1803 BC until approximately 1649 BC, i.e. for 154 years. It is often classified as the final dynasty of the Middle Kingdom (which includes Dynasties XI, XII and XIV), but some historians instead group it in the Second Intermediate Period (with Dynasties XIV through XVII). Dynasty XIII initially ruled from the Nile Delta to the second cataract of the Nile. However, the dynasty marked a period of decline and instability, with Dynasty XIV rising concurrently and the Hyksos Dynasty XV taking control shortly after. Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep is usually considered Dynasty XIII's first pharaoh, and Merneferre Ay, while not the final pharaoh, was the last to occupy the Middle Kingdom capital of Itjtawy, and the last of the dynasty with a significant recorded reign. Chronology and rulers Ryholt (1997:190) argues that the 13th Dynasty lasted from 1803-1649 BC, lasting some ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Semqen
Semqen (also Šamuqēnu) was a Hyksos ruler of Lower Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period in the mid-17th century BC. According to Jürgen von Beckerath he was the third king of the 16th Dynasty and a vassal of the Hyksos kings of the 15th Dynasty.Jürgen von Beckerath: ''Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen'', Münchner ägyptologische Studien, Heft 49, Mainz : P. von Zabern, 1999, available onlinesee p. 120–121. This opinion was shared by William C. Hayes and Wolfgang Helck but recently rejected by Kim Ryholt. In his 1997 study of the Second Intermediate Period, Ryholt argues that the kings of the 16th Dynasty ruled an independent Theban realm c. 1650–1580 BC. K.S.B. Ryholt: ''The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800–1550 BC'', Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997excerpts available online here./ref> Consequently, Ryholt sees Semqen as an early Hyksos king of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khopesh
The ''khopesh'' ('; also vocalized khepesh) is an Egyptian sickle-shaped sword that developed from battle axes. The sword style originated in Western Asia during the Bronze Age and was introduced in the Second Intermediate Period.Lloyd, Alan B. ''A Companion to Ancient Egypt''. Spalinger, Anothony J. Ch 23. "Military Institutions and Warfare: Pharaonic". Newark, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons, 2010.Van De Mieroop, Marc. ''A History of Ancient Egypt''. John Wiley & Sons, 2021. p. 126. The ''khopesh'' became more common in the New Kingdom, and is often depicted with kings in statues and murals. Etymology The word ''khopesh'' may have been derived from "leg", as in "leg of beef", because of their similarity in shape. The hieroglyph for ''ḫpš'' ('leg') is found as early as during the time of the Coffin Texts (the First Intermediate Period). Coffin Texts: However, on the 196 BC Rosetta Stone, it is referenced as the "sword" determinative in a hieroglyph block, with t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
