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Hittite Texts
The corpus of texts written in the Hittite language consists of more than 30,000 tablets or fragments that have been excavated from the royal archives of the capital of the Hittite Kingdom, Hattusa, close to the modern Turkish town of Boğazkale or Boğazköy. While Hattusa has yielded the majority of tablets, other sites where they have been found include: Maşat Höyük, Ortaköy, Kuşaklı or Kayalıpınar in Turkey, Alalakh, Ugarit and Emar in Syria, Amarna in Egypt. The tablets are mostly conserved in the Turkish museums of Ankara, Istanbul, Boğazkale and Çorum (Ortaköy) as well as in international museums such as the Pergamonmuseum in Berlin, the British Museum in London and the Musée du Louvre The Louvre ( ), or the Louvre Museum ( ), is a national art museum in Paris, France, and one of the most famous museums in the world. It is located on the Rive Droite, Right Bank of the Seine in the city's 1st arrondissement of Paris, 1st arron ... in Paris. The corp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Musée Du Louvre
The Louvre ( ), or the Louvre Museum ( ), is a national art museum in Paris, France, and one of the most famous museums in the world. It is located on the Rive Droite, Right Bank of the Seine in the city's 1st arrondissement of Paris, 1st arrondissement (district or ward) and home to some of the most Western canon, canonical works of Art of Europe, Western art, including the ''Mona Lisa,'' ''Venus de Milo,'' and ''Winged Victory''. The museum is housed in the Louvre Palace, originally built in the late 12th to 13th century under Philip II of France, Philip II. Remnants of the Medieval Louvre fortress are visible in the basement of the museum. Due to urban expansion, the fortress eventually lost its defensive function, and in 1546 Francis I of France, Francis I converted it into the primary residence of the French kings. The building was redesigned and extended many times to form the present Louvre Palace. In 1682, Louis XIV chose the Palace of Versailles for his househ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Song Of Kumarbi
Kumarbi, also known as Kumurwe, Kumarwi and Kumarma, was a Hurrian god. He held a senior position in the Hurrian pantheon, and was described as the "father of gods". He was portrayed as an old, deposed king of the gods, though this most likely did not reflect factual loss of the position of the head of the pantheon in Hurrian religion, but only a mythological narrative. It is often assumed that he was an agricultural deity, though this view is not universally accepted and the evidence is limited. He was also associated with prosperity. It was believed that he resided in the underworld. Multiple Hurrian deities were regarded as Kumarbi's children, including Teshub, whom he conceived after biting off the genitals of Anu. They were regarded as enemies. In myths dealing with the conflict between them Kumarbi fathers various enemies meant to supplant the weather god, such as the stone giant Ullikummi. Kumarbi was also closely associated with other deities who were regarded as the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Milawata Letter
The Milawata letter ( CTH 182) is an item of diplomatic correspondence from a Hittite king at Hattusa to a client king in western Anatolia around 1240 BC. It constitutes an important piece of evidence in the debate concerning the historicity of Homer's Iliad. The reason for its title "Milawata letter" is that it mentions that both parties to the letter had campaigned on the borders of ''Milawata''; it also mentions the city Atriya, elsewhere known as a dependent of "Millawanda". Millawanda and Milawata are accepted as ancient names for Miletus. The letter demands that the client resolve a dispute over hostages, turn over fugitives from Hittite justice, and turn over a pretender from Wilusa to a Hittite envoy so that the Hittites can reinstall him as king there. The letter reminds the recipient that the recipient's father had turned against the Hittite king. The Hittite king then installed the recipient as king in place of that one's father. It also mentions that the recipient's d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manapa-Tarhunta Letter
The Manapa-Tarhunta letter ( CTH 191; KUB 19.5 + KBo 19.79) is a fragmentary text in the Hittite language from the 13th century BC. The letter was sent to the Hittite king by Manapa-Tarhunta, client king of the Seha River Land. In the letter, Manapa-Tarhunta discusses Hittite attempts to reassert control over northwest Anatolia. The letter is particularly notable for its mention of Wilusa, generally identified with Troy. Content The letter identifies its author as Manapa-Tarhunta, client king of the Seha River Land. Manapa-Tarhunta is discussed in other Hittite documents, which indicate that he was already in power when Mursili II ascended the Hittite throne in 1321 BC, and that he was removed from power by Muwatalli II, who ruled from 1295 to 1272 BC. While the addressee is not explicitly named, scholars generally agree that it was Muwatalli II. The letter begins by assuring Muwattalli, " t the momenteverything is fine". In the next section, it reports that Hittite troops arri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Madduwatta
Madduwatta (or Madduwattas) was a Late Bronze Age warlord who conquered a portion of southwest Anatolia. He is known from the Hittite text known as the ''Indictment of Madduwatta''. Textual background Madduwatta is known solely from the ''Indictment of Madduwatta'' (CTH 147), a fragmentary Hittite text which recounts his exploits from a Hittite perspective. The ''Indictment'' was written during the reign of the Hittite king Arnuwanda I, but much of the text addresses events from the reign of his predecessor Tudhaliya I/II and frequently cites or quotes earlier documents which do not survive. It is unclear whether it was a legal document, a diplomatic warning, or something else, and the extant copy contains errors and corrections which seem to suggest that it was merely a draft. The ''Indictment'' is notable for containing the earliest mention of Ahhiyawa, which it renders as "''Ahhiya''", as well as the name '' Attarissiya'', one of only two certain Ahhiyawan personal names ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kikkuli
Kikkuli was the Hurrian "master horse trainer 'assussanni''of the land of Mitanni" (LÚ''A-AŠ-ŠU-UŠ-ŠA-AN-NI ŠA'' KUR URU''MI-IT-TA-AN-NI'') and author of a chariot horse training text written primarily in the Hittite language (as well as an Old Indo-Aryan language as seen in numerals and loan-words), dating to the Hittite New Kingdom (around 1400 BCE). The text is notable both for the information it provides about the development of Hittite, an Indo-European language, Hurrian, and for its content. The text was inscribed on cuneiform Cuneiform is a Logogram, logo-Syllabary, syllabic writing system that was used to write several languages of the Ancient Near East. The script was in active use from the early Bronze Age until the beginning of the Common Era. Cuneiform script ... tablets discovered during excavations of Boğazkale and Ḫattuša in 1906 and 1907. Content and influence "Thus speaks Kikkuli, master horse trainer of the land of Mitanni" (''UM.MA Ki-ik ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aleppo Treaty
The Aleppo Treaty ( CTH 75) is a 13th Century BCE document created by Hittite King Muwatalli II, consisting of a copy of an earlier treaty made between Talmi-Šarruma, King of Aleppo, and Muwatalli II's father and predecessor, Muršili II. According to the text of the treaty, Muwatalli II reissued it because the original copy of the treaty was stolen. The text of the treaty was preserved in several archival copies on clay cuneiform tablets written in Akkadian. The tablets were found in Bogazkale, Turkey, the site of ancient Hattuša. The most complete copy of the treaty is held by the British Museum. The treaty is considered a "goldmine of information on the relations among Hatti, Mittani and Aleppo" during the Bronze Age. Background Talmi-Šarruma was a grandson of Šuppiluliuma I and thus a cousin of Muwatalli II and a nephew of Muršili II. The treaty contains a mutual loyalty clause referencing this family connection, reading, "For we are all the descendants of Šuppi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Illuyanka
In Hittite mythology, Illuyanka was a serpentine dragon slain by Tarḫunz (), the Hittite incarnation of the Hurrian god of sky and storm. It is known from Hittite cuneiform tablets found at Çorum-Boğazköy, the former Hittite capital Hattusa. The contest is a ritual of the Hattian spring festival of Puruli. The myth is found in '' Catalogue des Textes Hittites'' 321, which gives two consecutive versions. Name ''Illuyanka'' is probably a compound, consisting of two words for "snake", Proto-Indo-European ''*h₁illu-'' and ''*h₂engʷeh₂-''. The same compound members, inverted, appear in Latin ''anguilla'' "eel". The ''*h₁illu-'' word is cognate to English '' eel'', and ''*h₂engʷeh₂'' to Sanskrit ahi. Narrative In the first version, the Storm God and Illuyanka fight, and the serpent wins. The Storm God then goes to the Hattian goddess Inaras for advice. Having promised to sleep with a mortal named Hupasiyas in return for his help, she devises a trap for th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hittite Laws
The Hittite laws, also known as the Code of the Nesilim, constitute an ancient legal code dating from – 1500 BCE. They have been preserved on a number of Hittite cuneiform tablets found at Hattusa ( CTH 291–292, listing 200 laws). Copies have been found written in Old Hittite as well as in Middle and Late Hittite, indicating that they had validity throughout the duration of the Hittite Empire (ca. 1650–1100 BCE). The Hittite laws reflected the empire's social structure, sense of justice, and morality, addressing common outlawed actions such as assault, theft, murder, witchcraft, and divorce, among others. The code is particularly notable due to a number of its provisions, covering social issues that included the humane treatment of slaves. Although they were considered lesser than free men, the slaves under the code were allowed to choose whomever they wanted to marry, buy property, open businesses, and purchase their freedom. In comparison with the Code of Hammurabi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hittite Military Oath
The Hittite military oath ( CTH 427) is a Hittite text on two cuneiform tablets. The first tablet is only preserved in fragments (KBo XXI 10, KUB XL 13, and minor fragments), the second tablet survives in three copies, and can be restituted almost completely. The oldest copy (KUB XL 13) is fragmentary, but two younger copies (KUB XL 16, KBo VI 34) are well preserved. Description The text is in Old Hittite, with some scribal errors of the later copyists, and prescribes the oath to be taken by military commanders. More precisely, it describes a series of symbolic actions intended to represent the afflictions that should befall the oath-takers should they break their word. On one occasion, for example, women's clothing, a spindle and an arrow is brought before those swearing their allegiance. The arrow is broken, and they are told that should they break their oath, their weapons should likewise be broken, and they should be made women and given women's tasks. Then, a blind and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anitta Text
Anitta, son of Pitḫana, was a Middle Bronze Age king of Kuššara (c. 1740-1725 BC middle chronology). The city has not yet been identified. He is the earliest known ruler to compose a text in the Hittite language. His high official, or ''rabi simmiltim'', was named Peruwa. Reign Anitta, according to the middle chronology, reigned c. 1740–1725 BC, or alternatively c. 1730-1715 BC (low middle chronology), and is the author of the ''Anitta text'' ( CTH 1.A, edited in StBoT 18, 1974), the oldest known text in the Hittite language, also classified as "cushion-shaped" tablet KBo 3.22, being the oldest known text in an Indo-European language altogether. Also known as ''Deeds of Anitta'', it is considered by Alfonso Archi as originally written in Akkadian language and Old Assyrian script, at the time Anitta ruled from Kanesh, when Assur colonies were still in Anatolia. This text seems to represent a cuneiform record of Anitta's inscriptions at Kanesh too, perhaps compiled by Ha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
