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Hepatitis B Virus PRE 1151–1410
Hepatitis B virus PRE 1151–1410 (HBV post-transcriptional regulatory element, nucleotides 1151–1410) is a part of 500 base pair long HBV PRE, that has been proposed to be the hepatitis B virus (HBV) RNA export element. However, the function is controversial and new regulatory elements have been predicted within PRE. PRE 1151–1410 enhances nuclear export of intronless transcripts and represses the splicing mechanism to a comparable degree to that of the full-length PRE. Hence it was proposed to be the core HBV PRE element. PRE1151–1410 contains 3 known regulatory elements: PRE SL-alpha (nucleotides 1292–1321), human La protein binding site (nucleotide 1275–1291), SRE-1 (nucleotides 1252–1348). See also * HBV PRE SL alpha * HBV PRE SL beta * HBV RNA encapsidation signal epsilon The HBV RNA encapsidation signal epsilonHBV_epsilon is an element essential for Hepatitis B virus, HBV virus replication. It is an RNA structure situated near the 5' end of the Hepatitis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Secondary Structure
Protein secondary structure is the local spatial conformation of the polypeptide backbone excluding the side chains. The two most common Protein structure#Secondary structure, secondary structural elements are alpha helix, alpha helices and beta sheets, though beta turns and omega loops occur as well. Secondary structure elements typically spontaneously form as an intermediate before the protein protein folding, folds into its three dimensional protein tertiary structure, tertiary structure. Secondary structure is formally defined by the pattern of hydrogen bonds between the Amine, amino hydrogen and carboxyl oxygen atoms in the peptide backbone chain, backbone. Secondary structure may alternatively be defined based on the regular pattern of backbone Dihedral angle#Dihedral angles of proteins, dihedral angles in a particular region of the Ramachandran plot regardless of whether it has the correct hydrogen bonds. The concept of secondary structure was first introduced by Kaj Ulrik ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sequence Conservation
In evolutionary biology, conserved sequences are identical or similar sequences in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) or proteins across species ( orthologous sequences), or within a genome ( paralogous sequences), or between donor and receptor taxa ( xenologous sequences). Conservation indicates that a sequence has been maintained by natural selection. A highly conserved sequence is one that has remained relatively unchanged far back up the phylogenetic tree, and hence far back in geological time. Examples of highly conserved sequences include the RNA components of ribosomes present in all domains of life, the homeobox sequences widespread amongst eukaryotes, and the tmRNA in bacteria. The study of sequence conservation overlaps with the fields of genomics, proteomics, evolutionary biology, phylogenetics, bioinformatics and mathematics. History The discovery of the role of DNA in heredity, and observations by Frederick Sanger of variation between animal insulins in 1949, promp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viruses
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most numerous type of biological entity. Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898, more than 16,000 of the millions of virus species have been described in detail. The study of viruses is known as virology, a subspeciality of microbiology. When infected, a host cell is often forced to rapidly produce thousands of copies of the original virus. When not inside an infected cell or in the process of infecting a cell, viruses exist in the form of independent viral particles, or ''virions'', consisting of (i) genetic material, i.e., long molecules of DNA or RNA that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the '' hepatitis B virus'' (HBV) that affects the liver; it is a type of viral hepatitis. It can cause both acute and chronic infection. Many people have no symptoms during an initial infection. For others, symptoms may appear 30 to 180 days after becoming infected and can include a rapid onset of sickness with nausea, vomiting, yellowish skin, fatigue, yellow urine, and abdominal pain. Symptoms during acute infection typically last for a few weeks, though some people may feel sick for up to six months. Deaths resulting from acute stage HBV infections are rare. An HBV infection lasting longer than six months is usually considered chronic. The likelihood of developing chronic hepatitis B is higher for those who are infected with HBV at a younger age. About 90% of those infected during or shortly after birth develop chronic hepatitis B, while less than 10% of those infected after the age of five develop chronic cases. Most of those ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hepatitis B Virus PRE Alpha
The Hepatitis B virus PRE stem-loop alpha (HBV PRE SL alpha) is an RNA structure that is shown to play a role in nuclear export of HBV mRNAs. HBV PREalpha consists of a 30 nt stem-loop, with a 5 nt apical loop. The conserved stem-loop was predicted within the HBV PRE sequence and confirmed by mutagenesis. The exact role of this structure in nuclear export has not yet been determined. See also * Hepatitis B virus PRE beta *HBV RNA encapsidation signal epsilon *Hepatitis_B virus PRE 1151–1410 Hepatitis B virus PRE 1151–1410 (HBV post-transcriptional regulatory element, nucleotides 1151–1410) is a part of 500 base pair long HBV PRE, that has been proposed to be the hepatitis B virus (HBV) RNA export element. However, the function is ... References Cis-regulatory RNA elements Hepatitis B virus {{molecular-cell-biology-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hepatitis B Virus PRE Beta
The Hepatitis B virus PRE stem-loop beta (HBV PRE SL-beta) is an RNA structure that is shown to play a role in nuclear export of HBV mRNAs. The minimal HBV PREbeta structure consists of a 23 nt stem-loop, with a 9 nt apical loop. The conserved stem-loop was predicted within the HBV PRE sequence and confirmed by mutagenesis. See also *Hepatitis B virus PRE alpha *HBV RNA encapsidation signal epsilon *Hepatitis B virus PRE 1151–1410 Hepatitis B virus PRE 1151–1410 (HBV post-transcriptional regulatory element, nucleotides 1151–1410) is a part of 500 base pair long HBV PRE, that has been proposed to be the hepatitis B virus (HBV) RNA export element. However, the function is ... References Cis-regulatory RNA elements Hepatitis B virus {{molecular-cell-biology-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HBV RNA Encapsidation Signal Epsilon
The HBV RNA encapsidation signal epsilonHBV_epsilon is an element essential for Hepatitis B virus, HBV virus replication. It is an RNA structure situated near the 5' end of the Hepatitis B virus, HBV pregenomic RNA. The structure consists of a lower stem, a bulge region, an upper stem and a tri-loop. The structure was determined and refined through enzymatic probing and NMR spectroscopy. The closure of the tri-loop was not predicted by RNA structure prediction programs but observed in the NMR structure. The regions shown to be critical for encapsidation of the RNA in the viral lifecycle are the bulge, upper stem and tri-loop which interact with the terminal protein domain of the HBV viral polymerase. See also *Heron HBV RNA encapsidation signal epsilon *Duck HBV RNA encapsidation signal epsilon *Hepatitis B virus PRE alpha *Hepatitis B virus PRE beta *Hepatitis B virus PRE 1151–1410 References External links * HBVRegDB Hepatitis B Virus HBV Regulatory Sequence Database (H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
