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Hebei–Chahar Political Council
The Hebei–Chahar (or Hopeh-Chahar) Political Council, or Hebei-Chahar Political Commission ( zh, t=冀察政務委員會, p=''Jìchá zhèngwù wěiyuánhuì'', w=''Chi-ch'a chêng-wu wei-yüan-hui''), was a political body established under General Song Zheyuan on 18 December 1935 to rule over the two northern Chinese provinces of Hebei and Chahar. During mid-1933, the Kuomintang government in Nanjing sought to strengthen control over the northern provinces of Hebei and Chahar, then under the control of Song's 29th Army. As such, He Yingqin replaced Zhang Xueliang as head of the Beiping Branch Military Council and Huang Fu installed as head of the new Political Affairs Commission, both men being Kuomintang officials loyal to Nanjing. Their impact, however, was limited, and any improvement of relations between the 29th Army and the central government came from personal relationships, such as that between Song and Liu Jianqun, political education officer in the 29th Army. Wit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
China 1936
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after India, representing 17.4% of the world population. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and Borders of China, borders fourteen countries by land across an area of nearly , making it the list of countries and dependencies by area, third-largest country by land area. The country is divided into 33 Province-level divisions of China, province-level divisions: 22 provinces of China, provinces, 5 autonomous regions of China, autonomous regions, 4 direct-administered municipalities of China, municipalities, and 2 semi-autonomous special administrative regions. Beijing is the country's capital, while Shanghai is List of cities in China by population, its most populous city by urban area and largest financial center. Considered one of six ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Doihara Kenji
was a Japanese general and intelligence officer. He was instrumental in the Japanese invasion of Manchuria and the establishment of Manchukuo. Born in Okayama Prefecture, Doihara became an officer in the Imperial Japanese Army and was involved in intelligence and political operations on the Chinese continent. In 1931, he was involved in the Mukden Incident, and was responsible for bringing the former Chinese Emperor Puyi to Manchuria, in order to install him as the nominal ruler of Manchukuo. Doihara continued to work to expand Japanese influence in China throughout the 1930s. He held a number of senior military positions during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Pacific War. After the surrender of Japan, he was convicted of war crimes by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, sentenced to death, and hanged in December 1948. Early life and career Kenji Doihara was born in Okayama City, Okayama Prefecture. He attended military preparatory schools as a youth, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wang Jingwei
Wang Zhaoming (4 May 188310 November 1944), widely known by his pen name Wang Jingwei, was a Chinese politician who was president of the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China, a puppet state of the Empire of Japan. He was initially a member of the Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang, left wing of the Kuomintang (KMT), leading a Government of the Republic of China in Wuhan, government in Wuhan in opposition to the right-wing Nationalist government in Nanjing, but later became increasingly anti-communist after his efforts to collaborate with the Chinese Communist Party ended in political failure. Wang was a close associate of Sun Yat-sen for the last twenty years of Sun's life. After Sun's death in 1925, Wang engaged in a political struggle with Chiang Kai-shek for control over the Kuomintang, but lost. Wang remained inside the Kuomintang, but continued to have disagreements with Chiang. Following the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Wang acce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
East Hebei Autonomous Council
The East Hebei Autonomous Government (), Japanese also known as the East Ji Autonomous Government and the East Hebei Autonomous Anti-Communist Government, was a short-lived late-1930s state in northern China. It has been described by historians as either a Japanese puppet state or a buffer state. History After the creation of Manchukuo and subsequent military action by the Imperial Japanese Army, which brought Northeastern China east of the Great Wall under Japanese control, the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China signed the Tanggu Truce, which established a demilitarised zone south of the Great Wall, extending from Tianjin to Beiping. Under the terms of the truce and the subsequent He-Umezu Agreement of 1935, this demilitarized zone was also purged of the political and military influence of the Kuomintang government of China. On 15 November 1935, the local Chinese administrator of the 22 counties in Hebei province, Yin Ju-keng, proclaimed the territories under his co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Beiping
"Beijing" is from pinyin ''Běijīng,'' which is romanized from , the Chinese name for this city. The pinyin system of transliteration was approved by the Chinese government in 1958, but little used until 1979. It was gradually adopted by various news organizations, governments, and international agencies over the next decade. Etymology The Chinese characters ("north") and ("capital") together mean the "Northern Capital". The name was first used during the reign of the Ming dynasty's Yongle Emperor, who made his northern fief a second capital, along with Nanjing (, the "Southern Capital"), in 1403 after successfully dethroning his nephew during the Jingnan Campaign. The name was restored in 1949 at the founding of the People's Republic of China. Peking Portugal was the first European country to contact China in modern times. In Portuguese, the city is called ''Pequim.'' This name appeared in the letters of Francis Xavier in 1552. It transferred to English as "Pekin" and t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anhui Clique
The Anhui clique () was a military and political organization, one of several mutually hostile cliques or factions that split from the Beiyang clique in the Republic of China's Warlord Era. It was named after Anhui province because several of its generals–including its founder, Duan Qirui–were born in Anhui. The clique's main members were Duan Qirui, Duan Zhigui, Jin Yunpeng, Wang Yitang, Lu Yongxiang, Zhang Jingyao, Wu Guangxin, Chen Shufan, Zheng Shiqi, Xu Shuzheng, etc. The Anhui Clique was largely a collection of military officers with connections to Duan Qirui, either due to family ties such as Wu Guangxin, being from the same locality such as Duan Zhigui, or having a teacher-student relationship such as Xu Shuzheng or Jin Yunpeng.Andrew J Nathan (1976). Peking politics, 1918-1923: factionalism and the failure of constitutionalism. University of Michigan Center for Chinese Studies. ISBN 978-0-89264-131-4. However, the Anhui Clique would grow to be defined ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duan Qirui
Duan Qirui (, pronounced ) (March 6, 1865 – November 2, 1936) was a Chinese warlord, politician and commander of the Beiyang Army who ruled as the effective dictator of northern China in the late 1910s. He was the Premier of the Republic of China on four occasions between 1913 and 1918, and from 1924 to 1926 he served as acting Chief Executive of the Republic of China in Beijing. A graduate of the Tianjin Military Academy, Duan studied military science in Germany and became a prominent artillery commander under Yuan Shikai. Following the Xinhai Revolution in 1911 and the fall of the Qing dynasty, he became minister of war and premier in the Yuan cabinet. He opposed Yuan's restoration of monarchy in China and, upon Yuan's death, continued as premier and took effective control of northern China. His tenure was marked by political infighting as well as conflict with southern parliamentarians under the leadership of Sun Yat-sen. In 1917, Duan took part in suppressing another ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zhili Clique
The Zhili clique () was a military faction that split from the Republic of China's Beiyang Army during the country's Warlord Era. It was named for Zhili Province (modern-day Hebei), which was the clique's base of power. At its height, it also controlled Jiangsu, Jiangxi, and Hubei. The Beiyang Army fragmented following the death of Yuan Shikai, who had been the only person keeping regional factions from contesting territory throughout China. Unlike other cliques, Zhili was formed by army officers, who felt they had been snubbed by Premier Duan Qirui regarding appointments and promotions. These officers rallied around President Feng Guozhang, who had to share power with Duan's dominant Anhui clique in the Beiyang government. Lacking strong bonds, they were more willing to abandon or betray one another. They advocated a softer line during the Constitutional Protection War. After Feng's natural death, leadership passed to Cao Kun. Cao was victorious in the Zhili–Anhui Wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wu Peifu
Wu Peifu (also spelled Wu P'ei-fu) (; April 22, 1874 – December 4, 1939) was a Chinese warlord and major figure in the Warlord Era in China from 1916 to 1927. Early career Born in Shandong Province in eastern China, Wu initially received a traditional Chinese education. He later joined the Baoding Military Academy () in Beijing and embarked on a career as a professional soldier. His talents as an officer were recognized by his superiors, and he rose quickly in the ranks. Wu joined the "New Army" () (renamed the Beiyang Army in 1902) created by modernizing Qing dynasty general Yuan Shikai. Following the fall of the Qing in 1911, and after Yuan's rise to President of the Republic of China and his subsequent disastrous attempt to proclaim himself emperor, political power in China quickly devolved into the hands of various regional military authorities, inaugurating the era of warlordism. In 1915 Wu became commander of the 6th Brigade. Zhili Clique After Yuan's death ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cao Kun
General Cao Kun (; courtesy name: Zhongshan () (December 12, 1862 – May 15, 1938) was a Chinese warlord and politician, who served as the President of the Republic of China from 1923 to 1924, as well as the military leader of the Zhili clique in the Beiyang Army; he also served as a trustee of the Catholic University of Peking. Early life and rise to leadership Cao was born to a poor family in Tianjin. During the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894, he went with the army to fight in Joseon. After the war was over he joined Yuan Shikai to participate in the training of the New Army (known as the Beiyang Army). Admired by Yuan, Cao managed to rise very quickly. By the time of the 1911 Xinhai Revolution he commanded the Beiyang 3rd Division. He was made a general in the Beiyang Army and led the Zhili clique after the death of Feng Guozhang. During the 1918 election he was promised the vice-presidency by Duan Qirui but the office remained vacant after most of the National Assembl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Beiyang Government
The Beiyang government was the internationally recognized government of the Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic of China between 1912 and 1928, based in Beijing. It was dominated by the generals of the Beiyang Army, giving it its name. Beiyang general Yuan Shikai gave Sun Yat-sen the military support he needed to overthrow the Qing dynasty and establish the Republic of China in 1912, following the 1911 Revolution. Through his control of the army, Yuan was quickly able to dominate the new Republic. Although the government and the state were nominally under civilian control through the Republic's constitution, Yuan and his generals were effectively in charge of it. After Yuan's death in 1916, the army split into various warlord factions competing for power, leading to a period of civil war called the Warlord Era. Nevertheless, the government maintained its legitimacy among the great powers, receiving diplomatic recognition, foreign loans, and access to tax and customs revenu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xiangcheng County, Henan
Xiangcheng County () is a county in the central part of Henan province, China. It is located in the southwest of the prefecture-level city of Xuchang, and is its southernmost county-level division The administrative divisions of China have consisted of several levels since 1412, due to mainland China's large population and geographical area. In the People's Republic of China, the constitution provides for three levels of government. Ho .... Administrative divisions As of 2012, this county is divided to 6 towns, 1 ethnic town and 9 townships. ;Towns ;Ethnic towns *Yingqiao Hui Town () ;Townships Climate References County-level divisions of Henan Xuchang {{Henan-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
