|
Gülden Ilkman
''Gulden'' is the historical German and Dutch term for gold coin (from Middle High German "golden penny" and Middle Dutch " golden florin"), equivalent to the English term guilder. Gulden, Gülden, Guldens or Gulden's may also refer to: Coins or currencies * Guilder, for both the gold and currency gulden * For the gold gulden: ** **Rhenish gulden ** Reichsgulden (other), one of two 16th-century coins of the Holy Roman Empire ** Goldgulden: the official "gold Gulden" (as opposed to the silver Guldengroschen) during the 16th century **Guldengroschen (Silbergulden): a silver coin defined as having the same value as an actual ''Gulden'' * For European currencies named gulden excluding Switzerland: **Guilder **Dutch gulden **Austro-Hungarian gulden (1754-1892) **South German gulden * For currencies identical to the South German gulden: **Baden gulden (1754-1873) **Bavarian gulden **Württemberg gulden *For Swiss currencies named gulden: **Fribourg gulden **Luzern gulden **Ne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gold Coin
A gold coin is a coin that is made mostly or entirely of gold. Most gold coins minted since 1800 are 90–92% gold (22fineness#Karat, karat), while most of today's gold bullion coins are pure gold, such as the Britannia (coin), Britannia, Canadian Gold Maple Leaf, Canadian Maple Leaf, and American Buffalo (coin), American Buffalo. Alloyed gold coins, like the American Gold Eagle and South African Krugerrand, are typically 91.7% gold by weight, with the remainder being silver and copper. Until about the 1930s, gold coins were Circulation (currency), circulation coins, including Exonumia, coin-like bracteates and Gold dinar, dinars. Since then, gold coins have mainly been produced as bullion coins for Gold as an investment, investors and as commemorative coins for Coin collecting, collectors. While modern gold coins are still legal tender, they are not used in everyday financial transactions, as the metal value invariably exceeds the Real versus nominal value (economics), nominal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fribourg Gulden
The Fribourg ''Gulden'' was a currency denomination worth 14 ''Batzen'' of the Swiss canton of Fribourg until 1798. Fribourg's basic currency unit was the livre (later franc or frank), divided into 10 ''batzen'' or 40 ''kreuzer''. The French silver écu was equivalent to 4 francs or 40 batzen. The écu was also equivalent to 4 Franken of the Helvetic Republic, and afterwards to 4 Fribourg frank. It was subdivided into 14 ''Batzen'', each of 4 ''Kreuzer'' or 16 ''Denier''. It was replaced by the Frank of the Helvetian Republic The Helvetic Republic (; ; ) was a sister republic of French First Republic, France that existed between 1798 and 1803, during the French Revolutionary Wars. It was created following the French invasion of Switzerland, French invasion and the c ... in 1798. This was, in turn, replaced by the Fribourg Frank. Coins In the late 18th century, copper 1 Denier coins were issued, together with billon ''Vierer'' (2 Denier), 1 Kreuzer and Batzen, and silv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gülden Kayalar
''Gulden'' is the historical German and Dutch term for gold coin (from Middle High German "golden penny" and Middle Dutch " golden florin"), equivalent to the English term guilder. Gulden, Gülden, Guldens or Gulden's may also refer to: Coins or currencies * Guilder, for both the gold and currency gulden * For the gold gulden: ** ** Rhenish gulden ** Reichsgulden (other), one of two 16th-century coins of the Holy Roman Empire ** Goldgulden: the official "gold Gulden" (as opposed to the silver Guldengroschen) during the 16th century **Guldengroschen (Silbergulden): a silver coin defined as having the same value as an actual ''Gulden'' * For European currencies named gulden excluding Switzerland: **Guilder **Dutch gulden ** Austro-Hungarian gulden (1754-1892) **South German gulden * For currencies identical to the South German gulden: **Baden gulden (1754-1873) **Bavarian gulden **Württemberg gulden *For Swiss currencies named gulden: ** Fribourg gulden ** Luzern gulden ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish Language
Polish (, , or simply , ) is a West Slavic languages, West Slavic language of the Lechitic languages, Lechitic subgroup, within the Indo-European languages, Indo-European language family, and is written in the Latin script. It is primarily spoken in Poland and serves as the official language of the country, as well as the language of the Polish diaspora around the world. In 2024, there were over 39.7 million Polish native speakers. It ranks as the sixth-most-spoken among languages of the European Union. Polish is subdivided into regional Dialects of Polish, dialects. It maintains strict T–V distinction pronouns, Honorifics (linguistics), honorifics, and various forms of formalities when addressing individuals. The traditional 32-letter Polish alphabet has nine additions (, , , , , , , , ) to the letters of the basic 26-letter Latin alphabet, while removing three (x, q, v). Those three letters are at times included in an extended 35-letter alphabet. The traditional set compri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish Zloty
Polish may refer to: * Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe * Polish language * Polish people, people from Poland or of Polish descent * Polish chicken * Polish brothers (Mark Polish and Michael Polish, born 1970), American twin screenwriters * Kevin Polish, an American Paralympian archer Polish may refer to: * Polishing, the process of creating a smooth and shiny surface by rubbing or chemical action ** French polishing, polishing wood to a high gloss finish * Nail polish * Shoe polish * Polish (screenwriting), improving a script in smaller ways than in a rewrite See also * * * Polishchuk (surname) * Polonaise (other) A polonaise ()) is a stately dance of Polish origin or a piece of music for this dance. Polonaise may also refer to: * Polonaises (Chopin), compositions by Frédéric Chopin ** Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53 (, ''Heroic Polonaise''; ) * Polon ... {{Disambiguation, surname Language and nationality disambiguation pages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Netherlands New Guinean Gulden
The gulden was the currency of Dutch New Guinea until 1963. Until 1950, issues of the Netherlands Indies circulated. A separate currency came into being when West New Guinea became the only part of the Netherlands Indies to remain in Netherlands, Dutch control. The currency was fixed at parity with the Dutch gulden. It circulated until Dutch New Guinea became part of Indonesia as West Irian in 1963. That year, the West Irian rupiah replaced the gulden at par. Banknotes Two series of banknotes were issued for Dutch New Guinea: one in 1950 and another in 1954. Both series consisted of denominations of 1, , 5, 10, 25, 100 and 500 gulden. References External links {{Indonesian currency and coinage Economy of Indonesia Currencies of Indonesia Modern obsolete currencies 1963 disestablishments in the Netherlands 1963 disestablishments in Southeast Asia Currencies of the Kingdom of the Netherlands Guilder Dutch New Guinea, Gulden ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Netherlands Indies Gulden
The Netherlands Indies guilder (Dutch language, Dutch: ''Nederlands-Indische gulden'', Indonesian language, Malay-Van Ophuijsen Spelling System, Van Ophuijsen spelling: ''Roepiah Hindia-Belanda'') was the unit of account of the Dutch East Indies from 1602 under the United East India Company (), following Dutch practice first adopted in the 15th century (guilder coins were not minted in the Netherlands between 1558 and 1681 and none circulated in the Indies until a century later). A variety of Dutch, Spanish and Asian coins were in official and common usage. After the collapse of the VOC at the end of the 18th century, control of the islands reverted to the Dutch government, which issued silver 'Netherlands Indies' guilder and fractional silver and copper coins until Indonesian independence in 1945. History Prior to European contact A number of forms of payment were found throughout the archipelago prior to European contact. Stamped gold and silver masa and kupang date from the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hungarian Language
Hungarian, or Magyar (, ), is an Ugric language of the Uralic language family spoken in Hungary and parts of several neighboring countries. It is the official language of Hungary and one of the 24 official languages of the European Union. Outside Hungary, it is also spoken by Hungarians, Hungarian communities in southern Slovakia, western Ukraine (Zakarpattia Oblast, Transcarpathia), central and western Romania (Transylvania), northern Serbia (Vojvodina), northern Croatia, northeastern Slovenia (Prekmurje), and eastern Austria (Burgenland). It is also spoken by Hungarian diaspora communities worldwide, especially in North America (particularly the Hungarian Americans, United States and Canada) and Israel. With 14 million speakers, it is the Uralic family's most widely spoken language. Classification Hungarian is a member of the Uralic language family. Linguistic connections between Hungarian and other Uralic languages were noticed in the 1670s, and the family's existenc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hungarian Forint
The forint (, sign Ft; code HUF) is the currency of Hungary. It was formerly divided into 100 fillér, but fillér coins are no longer in circulation. The introduction of the forint on 1 August 1946 was a crucial step in the post-World War II stabilisation of the Hungarian economy, and the currency remained relatively stable until the 1980s. Transition to a market economy in the early 1990s adversely affected the value of the forint; inflation peaked at 35% in 1991. Between 2001 and 2022, inflation was in single digits, and the forint has been declared fully convertible. In May 2022, inflation reached 10.7% amid the Russian invasion of Ukraine and economic uncertainty. As a member of the European Union, the long-term aim of the Hungarian government may be to replace the forint with the euro, although under the current government there is no target date for adopting the euro. History The forint's name comes from the city of Florence, where gold coins called '' fiorino d'oro' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
English Language
English is a West Germanic language that developed in early medieval England and has since become a English as a lingua franca, global lingua franca. The namesake of the language is the Angles (tribe), Angles, one of the Germanic peoples that Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, migrated to Britain after its End of Roman rule in Britain, Roman occupiers left. English is the list of languages by total number of speakers, most spoken language in the world, primarily due to the global influences of the former British Empire (succeeded by the Commonwealth of Nations) and the United States. English is the list of languages by number of native speakers, third-most spoken native language, after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish language, Spanish; it is also the most widely learned second language in the world, with more second-language speakers than native speakers. English is either the official language or one of the official languages in list of countries and territories where English ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Florin
The Florentine florin was a gold coin (in Italian ''Fiorino d'oro'') struck from 1252 to 1533 with no significant change in its design or metal content standard during that time. It had 54 grains () of nominally pure or 'fine' gold with a purchasing power difficult to estimate (and variable) but ranging according to social grouping and perspective from approximately 140 to 1,000 modern US dollars. The name of the coin comes from the ''Giglio bottonato'' ( it), the floral emblem of the city, which is represented at the head of the coin. History The ''fiorino d'oro'' (gold florin) was minted in the Republic of Florence after the sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade disrupted the minting of fine gold coins in the Byzantine Empire. It came to be accepted across Europe like the Byzantine Solidus had been. The territorial usage of the ''lira'' and the florin often overlapped; where the lira was used for smaller transactions (wages, food purchases), the florin was for la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Danzig Gulden
The gulden, divided into 100 ''Pfennig'', was the currency of the Free City of Danzig from 1923 to 1939. History From 1914 to 1923, Danzig used the German ''Papiermark'' and issued several local 'emergency notes'. Inflation during 1922–23 averaged roughly 2,440% per month. In July 1923 it was announced that a new and independent currency (the gulden) was being established with the approval of the League of Nations finance committee to replace the German mark. The gulden was introduced at a value of 25 gulden = 1 pound sterling, or 9.6d sterling per gulden. Incorporation into Nazi Germany Danzig, separated from Germany after World War I, was annexed by Nazi Germany on 1 September 1939, the day the invasion of Poland had begun On the same day reichsmark coins and notes were declared legal tender alongside the Danzig gulden, with 1 gulden being equal to 70 reichspfennig (0.70 reichsmark). This was a favourable exchange rate for inhabitants of Danzig, since the actual exchange rat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
