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Great Troubles
The Great Troubles (, as found in Rus' chronicles), also known as the Golden Horde Dynastic War, was a war of succession in the Golden Horde from 1359 to 1381. This era, which followed shortly after the Black Death had ravaged the cities of the Golden Horde, was characterised by two decades of near anarchy. A long series of short-reigning khans deposed and killed each other, only to suffer the same fate next. Mamai emerged as the most powerful Mongol warlord, frequently employing Rus' principalities such as Principality of Tver, Tver and Principality of Ryazan, Ryazan as his allies. Because he was not a Chingisid (descendant of Genghis Khan), Mamai had no legitimate claim to the throne, and instead used Chingisid puppet-khans to exercise political control. The Rus' principalities and neighbouring states frequently changed their allegiancies at this time, joining forces with or against various Mongol factions and with or against each other, in tactical efforts to exploit rapidly ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Mamai
Mamai (Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet, Mongolian Cyrillic: Мамай, ; 1325?–1380/1381) was a powerful Turco-Mongol tradition, Turko-Mongol military commander in Beylerbey rank of the Golden Horde from Kiyat clan. Contrary to popular misconception, he was not a Khan (title), khan (king), but was a kingmaker for several khans, and dominated parts or all of the Golden Horde for almost two decades in the 1360s and 1370s. Although he was unable to stabilize central authority during the 14th-century Golden Horde war of succession known as the Great Troubles, Mamai remained a remarkable and persistent leader for decades, while others came and went in rapid succession. His defeat in the Battle of Kulikovo marked the beginning of the decline of the Horde, as well as his own rapid downfall. Origins Unlike the khans of the so-called Golden Horde, Mamai was not a descendant of Genghis Khan and his son Jochi, but belonged to the powerful Turco-Mongol tradition, Turko-Mongol Kiyat clan that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Crimea
Crimea ( ) is a peninsula in Eastern Europe, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, almost entirely surrounded by the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov. The Isthmus of Perekop connects the peninsula to Kherson Oblast in mainland Ukraine. To the east, the Crimean Bridge, constructed in 2018, spans the Strait of Kerch, linking the peninsula with Krasnodar Krai in Russia. The Arabat Spit, located to the northeast, is a narrow strip of land that separates the Syvash lagoons from the Sea of Azov. Across the Black Sea to the west lies Romania and to the south is Turkey. The population is 2.4 million, and the largest city is Sevastopol. The region, internationally recognized as part of Ukraine, has been under Russian occupation of Crimea, Russian occupation since 2014. Called the Tauric Peninsula until the early modern period, Crimea has historically been at the boundary between the Classical antiquity, classical world and the Pontic–Caspian steppe, steppe. Greeks in pre-Rom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Ordu Malik
Ordu Malik (Turki/ Kypchak and Persian: اوردو ملک; ''Ardemelik'' in Russian chronicles; also called ''Ordu Shaykh'' (اوردو شیخ) by Naṭanzī), was briefly Khan of the Golden Horde in 1361, having replaced his rival Timur Khwaja. Career Ordu Malik appeared on the historical scene in 1361, as a rival of Khiḍr Khan for possession of the throne of the Golden Horde and its capital Sarai. During Ordu Malik's advance on the city, Khiḍr Khan was murdered by his own son, Timur Khwaja, who seized the throne, but reigned only briefly, for one to five weeks. In the end, Timur Khwaja was forced to flee and was killed, while Ordu Malik was enthroned as khan at Sarai. Ordu Malik minted coins at Sarai and Azaq, but evidently failed to assert his control over the entirety of the Golden Horde. The territory under the former beglerbeg Mamai Kiyat in the west, and Gülistan, where Khiḍr Khan's brother Murād (or Mürid) had declared himself khan, were apparently beyond Or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Timur Khwaja
Timur Khwaja ( Turki and Persian: تیمور خواجه; Kypchak: تمور خواجه) was briefly Khan of the Golden Horde in 1361, having succeeded his father Khiḍr Khan. Life The forceful Khiḍr Khan, a descendant of Jochi's son Shiban according to the ''Tawārīḫ-i guzīdah-i nuṣrat-nāmah'', asserted himself as ruler of the Golden Horde in June 1360, having eliminated his rival Nawruz Beg. Nevertheless, the new khan's authority was limited by the presumable autonomy of the former beglerbeg Mamai Kiyat in the west, and the renewed autonomy of the former Ulus of Orda in the east, under the local Jochid khan Qara-Noqai. A greater threat proved to be the advance of another Jochid prince, Ordu Malik, on the capital Sarai in 1361. In circumstances that remain obscure, Khiḍr Khan and his son Qutlugh were now murdered by another son of Khiḍr Khan, Timur Khwaja, who seized the throne at Sarai, in August 1361. Timur Khwaja would reign for only a short time, possibly fi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Khiḍr Khan
Khiḍr Khan (Turki/ Kypchak: خضر خان; Persian: محمود خضر خان; ''Hidyr'' or Khidyr', modern ''Hyzr'' or Khyzr in Russian texts) was Khan of the Golden Horde from 1360 to 1361, having overthrown and succeeded Nawruz Beg. Reign Earlier scholarship long followed what is now considered the unreliable testimony of Muʿīn-ad-Dīn Naṭanzī (earlier known as the "Anonymous of Iskandar") in seeing Khiḍr Khan as a son of Sasi Buqa, son of Noqai, a supposed descendant of Jochi's son Orda. However, today the testimony of the ''Tawārīḫ-i guzīdah-i nuṣrat-nāmah'' is considered more reliable, in asserting that Khiḍr Khan was the son of Mangqutai, son of Töle Buqa, son of Qadaq, son of Shiban, son of Jochi. Khiḍr Khan's rise to power took place in confused circumstances imperfectly related in the sources. The murder of Berdi Beg in 1359 had possibly ended the line of Batu Khan; his successors Qulpa and Nawruz Beg might have claimed to be Berdi Beg's brothers, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Nowruz Beg
Nowruz Beg (died 1640), was a Safavid official from the Georgian Tulashvili clan, who served during the reigns of Abbas I (1588-1629) and Safi (1629-1642). He sometime married a daughter of the prominent Safavid-Georgian military and political leader Imam-Quli Khan. In 1626-1627, Abbas I made Nowruz Beg steward of the Javanshir clan in Karabakh, while his brother-in-law Daud Khan Undiladze Daud-Khan or Dāvūd b. Allāhverdī (; ka, დაუდ-ხანი) was a Safavid Iranian military commander and politician of Georgian origin who served as governor (''beglarbeg'') of Ganja and Karabakh from 1627 to 1633. Biography Da ... became governor of Karabakh itself. Sources * * 1640 deaths Iranian people of Georgian descent 17th-century people from Safavid Iran Shia Muslims from Georgia (country) 16th-century people from Safavid Iran {{Iran-bio-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Qulpa
Qulpa (''Kulpa'' and ''Askulpa'' in Russian chronicles; ''Colbadinus Cam'' in a contemporary Venetian document; died 1360) was Khan of the Golden Horde from August 1359 to February 1360. Reign He came to the throne four days after the murder of his predecessor Berdi Beg. It has been supposed that Qulpa might have begun his reign as a rival khan at Azov, but that cannot be verified and seems unlikely. His short reign is not recorded in most of the Persian and Arabic narratives treating the khans of the Golden Horde, but it is briefly treated in the Russian chronicles, which report that Qulpa reigned for 6 months and 5 days, did a lot of evil, and in the end was killed, together with his sons Mihail and Ivan. The names of Qulpa's sons and the absence of a traditional Muslim name on his coins suggest that he might have been Christian, but that is not certain. The publication of a contemporary Venetian notary act by Benedetto Bianco confirms Qulpa's favor towards Christians and that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Bolghar
Bolghar (; Tatar language, Tatar: Болгар, بلغار, ''Bolğar''; Chuvash language, Chuvash: Аслă Пăлхар, ''Aslă Pălhar'') was intermittently the capital of Volga Bulgaria from the 10th to the 13th centuries, along with Bilär, Bilyar and Nur-Suvar. It was situated on the bank of the Volga River, about 30 km downstream from its confluence with the Kama River and some 130 km from modern Kazan in what is now Spassky District, Republic of Tatarstan, Spassky District. West of it lies a small modern town, since 1991 known as Bolgar, Spassky District, Republic of Tatarstan, Bolgar. The UNESCO World Heritage Committee inscribed Bolgar Historical and Archaeological Complex (ancient Bolghar hill fort) to the World Heritage List in 2014. History The city is supposed to have been the capital of Volga Bulgaria from as early as the 10th century. Regular Kievan Rus' incursions along the Volga, and internecine fights, forced the Volga Bulgars, Bulgar kings (kha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Muscovite–Volga Bulgars War (1376)
The Grand Duchy of Moscow-Volga Bulgars War of 1376 was organized by princes Dmitry Donskoy of Muscovy, and Dmitry Konstantinovich of Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal. The combined Muscovite–Suzdalian army was led by Moscow Governor Dmitry Mikhailovich Bobrok Volynskyy, and Dmitry of Suzdal's sons Vasily and . Volga Bulgaria, which was at the time an of the Golden Horde (who had converted to Islam in 1313), was ruled by emir Emir (; ' (), also Romanization of Arabic, transliterated as amir, is a word of Arabic language, Arabic origin that can refer to a male monarch, aristocratic, aristocrat, holder of high-ranking military or political office, or other person po ... Hassan Khan (in Rus' chronicles ''Assan'') and Horde protégé Muhammad Sultan (Sultan Mahmat). Background In 1364, ongoing raids perpetrated by the Mongol-Tatars on Nizhny Novgorod land forced Prince Dmitry Konstantinovich of Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal to ally with and seek assistance from Dmitri Ivanovich of Mosc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Treaty Of Lyubutsk
Treaty of Lyubutsk was a peace treaty signed in summer of 1372 between Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, and Dmitri Donskoi, Prince of Moscow. The treaty ended the Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1368–72) and resulted in a seven-year peace period. Influence and power of the Grand Duchy of Moscow grew steadily and its interests clashed with those of Lithuania. After the Battle of Blue Waters in 1362 Lithuania took over Kiev and became direct neighbor of Moscow. Algirdas assisted Tver, chief rival of Moscow, and attempted to promote his brother-in-law Mikhail II of Tver to the throne of Vladimir, a long-time possession of Moscow. In 1372 Algirdas organized a third attack against Moscow. Other two attacks in 1368 and 1370 reached the city of Moscow, but did not succeed in taking the city's Kremlin. In 1372 Lithuanian army was stopped near Lyubutsk, a fort on the Oka River northeast of Tula. Lithuanian vanguard troops were defeated and had to retreat. Algirdas secured his position in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Sighnaq
Sighnaq (Turki/ Kypchak: سغناق; ) was an ancient city in Central Asia (in modern Kyzylorda Region). It was the capital of the Blue Horde (i.e., the White Horde of Persian sources), although the city is almost unknown. The region in which Sighnaq was situated was called Farab. It was located between the settlements of Isfijab and Jand. The name means 'place of refuge', a name that is found also in other regions, especially in Transcaucasia. According to Hayton of Corycus, Sighnaq was located in the Karatau Mountains, from where the river Kara Ichuk, a tributary of Syr Darya, emanates. Klaproth says that the city was located on the banks of Mutkan, a right hand side tributary of Syr Darya, that emanates from the Karatau mountains, but he does not mention his source. Sherif al-Din speaks of Sabran and Sighnaq as two border cities of Turkestan and says that Sighnaq was located 40 km from Otrar; the biographical book called ''Tabakatol hanefiyet'', by Ketevi, placed it ne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a sovereign state in northeastern Europe that existed from the 13th century, succeeding the Kingdom of Lithuania, to the late 18th century, when the territory was suppressed during the 1795 Partitions of Poland, partitions of Poland–Lithuania. The state was founded by Lithuanians (tribe), Lithuanians, who were at the time a Lithuanian mythology, polytheistic nation of several united Baltic tribes from Aukštaitija. By 1440 the grand duchy had become the largest European state, controlling an area from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south. The grand duchy expanded to include large portions of the former Kievan Rus' and other neighbouring states, including what is now Belarus, Lithuania, most of Ukraine as well as parts of Latvia, Moldova, Poland and Russia. At its greatest extent, in the 15th century, it was the largest state in Europe. It was a multinational state, multi-ethnic and multiconfessionalism, multiconfessional sta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
