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Gheorghe Chițu
Gheorghe Chițu (first name also George or Giorgiu, last name also Chițiu, Chitzu, Kițu or Kitzu; Francization, Francized as ''Georges Kitzou''"Roumanie", in ''La Justice'', 7 July 1884, p. 2 or ''Quitzou'';Pecican, p. 161 24 August 1828 – 27 October 1897) was a Wallachian, later Romanian lawyer, politician, and man of letters, whose activities were mostly centered on the region of Oltenia. The recipient of a classical education, which compensated for his middle-class background and allowed him to study at the University of Vienna, he was also deeply involved in the Wallachian Revolution of 1848 as an early adherent of Radicalism and liberalism in Romania, "Red" liberalism. He became a propagandist and organizer for the National Party (Romania), National Party, founding ''Vocea Oltului'' gazette in 1857. Chițu was confirmed as the United Principalities' first-ever elected provincial mayor, at Craiova, where he also worked as a lawyer and prosecutor. His political radicalism an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ministry Of Education And Scientific Research (Romania)
The Ministry of Education () is one of the ministries of the Government of Romania. - official site Former names of the ministry Over the years the ministry changed its title. Initially it was called ''Ministry of Religion and Public Instruction'' (), then ''Ministry of Public Instruction'' (), then it changed to ''Ministry of Teaching'' (), ''Ministry of Teaching and Science'' (), then changed back to ''Ministry of Teaching'' (). When Andrei Marga became Minister, it introduced the largest reform measures, starting with the name of the institution: ''Ministry of National Education'' (). In 2000 the name was changed to ''Ministry of Education and Research'' (). This title was kept until April 2007, when it changed to ''Ministry of Education, Research and Youth'' (). On 21 December 2012 the title was changed to ''Ministry of National Education'' ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Free And Independent Faction
The Free and Independent Faction or Free and Independent Fraction (, sometimes ''Fracțiunea Liberală și Independentă'', "Independent Liberal Faction","Condeie", in ''România Liberă'', December 6 (18), 1886, p. 2Academicus, "Fapte și idei. Schopenhauer-iana", in ''România'', August 8, 1938, p. 2Liviu Rotman, "Un proiect de lege din 1871 privind protecția monumentelor", in ''Revista Muzeelor și Monumentelor'', Vol. 1, 1975, p. 61 commonly ''Fracționiștii'', "The F(r)actionalists") was a nationalist and national liberal party in Romania, regionally centered on Western Moldavia. Originally informal, and defined by its adversaries, the Faction mainly comprised pupils and followers of the philosopher Simion Bărnuțiu. During most of its existence, it had as its recognized leader the academic and polemicist Nicolae Ionescu. Consolidated during the election of Carol I as ''Domnitor'', the Faction opposed his rule, favoring either an elective monarchy with a native prince or a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chamber Of Deputies (Romania)
The Chamber of Deputies () is the lower house in Romania's bicameral parliament. It has 312 regular seats to which deputies are elected by direct popular vote using party-list proportional representation to serve four-year terms. Additionally, the organisation of each national ethnic minority is entitled to a seat in the Chamber (under the limitation that a national minority is to be represented by one organisation only). As of the 2024 election, there are 19 such additional seats. Leadership and structure Standing Bureau The () is the body elected by the deputies that rules the Chamber. Its president is the President of the Chamber, who is elected for a whole legislature (usually four years). All the other members are elected at the beginning of each parliamentary session. The Chamber of Deputies in Romania is chosen through a democratic process, where all citizens have an equal opportunity to vote freely and privately. It serves as a forum for the exchange of dive ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Secularization Of Monastic Estates In Romania
The law on the secularization of monastic estates in Romania was proposed in December 1863 by ''Domnitor'' Alexandru Ioan Cuza and approved by the Parliament of Romania. By its terms, the Romanian United Principalities (as the state was then known) confiscated the large estates owned by the Eastern Orthodox Church in Romania (which was in strict obedience to the Greek Orthodox Church at the time). One of the measures ensuring secularism and the separation of church and state, it was also designed to provide an arable land reserve for land reform, without raising the issue of boyar estates. Probably more than a quarter of Romania's farmland was controlled by untaxed Eastern Orthodox " Dedicated Monasteries", which supported Greek and other foreign monks in shrines such as Mount Athos and Jerusalem. These estates, which were mostly formed under Phanariote reigns in Wallachia and Moldavia respectively, had a low productivity and were also a substantial drain on state revenues. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Romanian Orthodox Church
The Romanian Orthodox Church (ROC; , ), or Romanian Patriarchate, is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church in full communion with other Eastern Orthodox Christian denomination, Christian churches, and one of the nine patriarchates in the Eastern Orthodox Church organization, Eastern Orthodox Church. Since 1925, the church's Primate (bishop), Primate has borne the title of Patriarch. Its jurisdiction covers the territories of Romania and Moldova, with additional dioceses for Romanians living in nearby Ukraine, Serbia and Hungary, as well as for diaspora communities in Central Europe, Central and Western Europe, North America and Oceania. It is the only autocephalous church within Eastern Orthodoxy to have a Romance languages, Romance language for liturgical use. The majority of Romania's population (16,367,267, or 85.9% of those for whom data were available, according to the 2011 census data), as well as some 720,000 Moldovans, belong to the Romanian Orthodox Church. Members o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Freemasonry In Romania
Freemasonry in Romania traces its origins to the 18th century. Following an intricate history, all organised Freemasonry in the country ceased during the Communist era, although some lodges continued to operate in exile overseas. Freemasonry returned to Romania in the 1990s. History The beginnings of Freemasonry in the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia (which would unite to form Romania in 1859) date to the 18th century and the activities of the humanist scholar Anton Maria del Chiaro, secretary to ''voivodes'' Constantin Brâncoveanu (ruled Wallachia 1688-1714) and Constantine Mavrocordatos (alternately ruled both domains between 1730 and 1769). In 1734 or 1737, del Chiaro founded the first Masonic Lodge in the Principalities at Galați. Shortly thereafter, Mavrocordat founded a lodge at Iaşi while ruler of Moldavia. During the same period in Transylvania, known Freemasons included László and János Kemény, Count Gabriel Bethlen and Baron Samuel von B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United Principalities
The United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia (), commonly called United Principalities or Wallachia and Moldavia, was the personal union of the Moldavia, Principality of Moldavia and the Wallachia, Principality of Wallachia. The union was formed on when Alexandru Ioan Cuza was elected as the ''Domnitor'' (Ruling Prince) of both principalities. Their separate autonomous vassalage in the Ottoman Empire continued with Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia, the unification of both principalities. On , Moldavia and Wallachia formally united to create the Romanian United Principalities, the core of the Romanian nation state. In February 1866, Prince Cuza was forced to abdicate and go into exile by a political coalition led by the Liberals; the German prince Carol I of Romania, Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was offered the Throne and, on he entered Bucharest for the first time. In July the same year, a 1866 Constitution of Romania, new constitution came into effect, giving th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radicalism And Liberalism In Romania
Liberalism and radicalism are important political movements in Romania. Many political parties from these traditions have had important historical roles and substantial support, including representation in the Parliament of Romania. Not all Romanian political parties relevant to this tradition have explicitly described themselves as liberal or radical. Background Liberalism has been one of the major political forces in Romania since the Wallachian Revolution of 1848. The first Romanian National Liberal Party (PNL) was active from 1875 until both its major factions were quashed in 1947 and 1950 by the communist government. The contemporary National Liberal Party (also PNL) was re-founded in 1990 after the Romanian Revolution. The centre-right PNL has had notable factions, splits and mergers, including the re-absorption of breakaway parties. For example, the right-wing and pro-German National Liberal Party–Brătianu reunited with the rest of the party in 1938 after spli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
