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Ghazal
''Ghazal'' is a form of amatory poem or ode, originating in Arabic poetry that often deals with topics of spiritual and romantic love. It may be understood as a poetic expression of both the pain of loss, or separation from the beloved, and the beauty of love in spite of that pain. The ghazal form is ancient, tracing its origins to 7th-century Arabic poetry. It spread into the Indian subcontinent in the 12th century due to the influence of Sufi mystics and the courts of the new Ghurid Sultanate, Islamic Sultanate, and is now most prominently a form of poetry of many languages of South Asia and Languages of Turkey, Turkey. A poem of ghazal commonly consists of five to fifteen couplets, which are independent, but are linked – abstractly, in their theme; and more strictly in their poetic form. The structural requirements of ghazal are similar in stringency to those of the Petrarchan sonnet. In style and content, due to its highly allusive nature, ghazal has proved capable of a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sufi
Sufism ( or ) is a mysticism, mystic body of religious practice found within Islam which is characterized by a focus on Islamic Tazkiyah, purification, spirituality, ritualism, and Asceticism#Islam, asceticism. Practitioners of Sufism are referred to as "Sufis" (from , ), and historically typically belonged to "orders" known as (pl. ) — congregations formed around a grand (saint) who would be the last in a Silsilah, chain of successive teachers linking back to Muhammad, with the goal of undergoing (self purification) and the hope of reaching the Maqam (Sufism), spiritual station of . The ultimate aim of Sufis is to seek the pleasure of God by endeavoring to return to their original state of purity and natural disposition, known as . Sufism emerged early on in Islamic history, partly as a reaction against the expansion of the early Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) and mainly under the tutelage of Hasan al-Basri. Although Sufis were opposed to dry legalism, they strictly obs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
God In Islam
In Islam, God (, contraction of , ) is seen as the Creator god, creator and God the Sustainer, sustainer of the universe, who God and eternity, lives eternally. God is conceived as a perfect, Tawhid, singular, immortal, omnipotent, and omniscient god, completely Infinity, infinite in all of Attributes of God in Islam, his attributes. Islam further emphasizes that God is most merciful. The Islamic concept of God is variously described as monotheistic, panentheistic, and monistic. In Schools of Islamic theology, Islamic theology, Anthropomorphism and corporealism in Islam, anthropomorphism () and corporealism () refer to beliefs in the human-like (anthropomorphic) and materially embedded (corporeal) form of God, an idea that has been classically described assimilating or comparing God to the creatures created by God. By contrast, belief in the Transcendence (religion), transcendence of God is called , which also rejects notions of incarnation and a personal god. is widely accep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mir Taqi Mir
Mir Muhammad Taqi (February 1723 – 20 September 1810), known as Mir Taqi Mir (also spelled Meer Taqi Meer), was an Urdu poetry, Urdu poet of the 18th century Mughal Empire, Mughal India and one of the pioneers who gave shape to the Urdu language itself. He was one of the principal poets of the Delhi School of the Urdu ''ghazal'' and is often remembered as one of the best poets of the Urdu language. His pen name (''takhallus'') was Mir. He spent the latter part of his life in the court of Asaf-ud-Daulah in Lucknow. His father's name was Meer Muttaqi. After his father's death, his step-brothers took control over his property. His step-uncle took care of him after he was orphaned and after the death of his step-uncle (paternal) his maternal step-uncle took care of him. The signature of his poetry is the grief he expresses. He has expressed a lot of grief over the downfall of his city, Delhi. Life The main source of information on Mir's life is his autobiography ''Zikr-e-Mir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bahr (poetry)
A baḥr (from Arabic , ; ; ; ; ; ) means a meter in Arabic, Persian, Turkic and Urdu poetry. Essentially, ''bahr'' is a specific pattern, combining the ''arkaan'' of Urdu prosody that define the "length" of a ''sher''. However, generally ''bahr'' is categorized in three classes: Short, medium, long, depending upon the length of the ''sher'' of the ''ghazal''. For a ''ghazal'', since all the ''shers'' in it should be of the same ''bahr'', determining the ''bahr'' of one ''sher'' (or even one line of the ''sher'') is enough to determine the ''bahr'' of the entire ''ghazal''. For example, in this ''ghazal'' of Ghalib, the length and meter of the ashaar is same throughout. In terms of the European method of scansion, the metre can be written as follows (where "x" = long or short, "u" = short, "–" = long, "u u" = one long or two short syllables): :x u – – u – u – u u – :''koii ummiid bar nahiin aatii'' :''koii suurat nazar nahiin aatii '' :''aage aatii thii haal-e-dil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ghalib
Mirza Asadullah Beg Khan (27 December 179715 February 1869), commonly known as Mirza Ghalib, was an Indian poet. Widely regarded as one of the greatest poets in the Urdu language, he also produced a significant body of work in Persian. Ghalib's poetry often addresses existential struggle, sorrows, and socio-political disturbances, particularly the decline of the Mughal Empire. He spent most of his life in poverty. He wrote in both Urdu and Persian. Although his Persian Divan (body of work) is at least five times longer than his Urdu Divan, his fame rests on his poetry in Urdu. Today, Ghalib remains popular not only in the Indian subcontinent but also among the Hindustani diaspora around the world. Early life Mirza Ghalib was born on 27 December 1797 in Kala Mahal, Agra into a family of Mughals who moved to Samarkand (in modern-day Uzbekistan) after the downfall of the Seljuk kings. His paternal grandfather, Mirza Qoqan Baig, was a Seljuq Turk, and a descendant of Sul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radif
In Persian poetry, Persian, Turkic, and Urdu poetry, Urdu ghazals, the ''radīf'' (from Arabic ; ; ; ; ; ) is the word which must end each line of the first couplet and the second line of all the following couplets. It is preceded by a ''qafiya'', which is the actual rhyme of the ghazal. The following is an example of an Urdu ghazal by Daagh Dehlvi, where the radif is "mein" while the qafiya is in ''-aah'': , , , , and . In Urdu, a ''ghazal'' which has no ''radif'' is known as ''ghair muraddaf ghazal''; if it contains ''radif'', it is called a ''muraddaf ghazal''. Notes References Persian poetry Azerbaijani poetry Urdu-language poetry Ghazal Rhyme {{Poetry-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qafiya
In Persian, Turkic, and Urdu ghazals, the ''qāfiya'' (from Arabic , ; ; ; ; ) is the rhyming pattern of words that must directly precede the ''radif In Persian poetry, Persian, Turkic, and Urdu poetry, Urdu ghazals, the ''radīf'' (from Arabic ; ; ; ; ; ) is the word which must end each line of the first couplet and the second line of all the following couplets. It is preceded by a ''qafiya'' ...''. The ''qāfiya'' is the actual rhyme of the ghazal. References {{Urdu poetry Persian poetry Azerbaijani poetry Urdu-language poetry Ghazal Rhyme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Matla'
In Persian, Turkic and Urdu poetry, the matla (from Arabic ; ; ; ; ; ) is the first '' bayt'', or couplet, of a ''ghazal''. In this sense, it is the opposite of the ''maqta'''. It is possible, although extremely rare, for there to be more than one ''matla'' in a ''ghazal''; in this case the second is referred to as husn e Matla. It is important part because it establishes the overall form and mood of the entire ''ghazal''. The defining feature of the ''matla'' is that both verses of the couplet rhyme, or expressed in technical terminology, both verses end with the ''qafiya'' and ''radif In Persian poetry, Persian, Turkic, and Urdu poetry, Urdu ghazals, the ''radīf'' (from Arabic ; ; ; ; ; ) is the word which must end each line of the first couplet and the second line of all the following couplets. It is preceded by a ''qafiya'' ...'' of the ''ghazal''. In fact, the purpose of the ''matla'' is to define the qafiya and radif for the rest of the ''ghazal''. References {{Persi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radif
In Persian poetry, Persian, Turkic, and Urdu poetry, Urdu ghazals, the ''radīf'' (from Arabic ; ; ; ; ; ) is the word which must end each line of the first couplet and the second line of all the following couplets. It is preceded by a ''qafiya'', which is the actual rhyme of the ghazal. The following is an example of an Urdu ghazal by Daagh Dehlvi, where the radif is "mein" while the qafiya is in ''-aah'': , , , , and . In Urdu, a ''ghazal'' which has no ''radif'' is known as ''ghair muraddaf ghazal''; if it contains ''radif'', it is called a ''muraddaf ghazal''. Notes References Persian poetry Azerbaijani poetry Urdu-language poetry Ghazal Rhyme {{Poetry-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maqta'
In Persian, Turkic and Urdu poetry, the maqta (from Arabic ; ; ; ; ; ) is the final '' bayt'', or couplet, of a ''ghazal''. In this sense, it is the opposite of the '' matla'''. The poet's ''takhallus'', or pen name, is usually employed in the ''maqta'', often in very creative ways. A '' shayar'' can use the ''maqta'' in a variety of interesting ways. He can "talk to himself", "to somebody else", "refer to something" etc. For example ''Firaq'' Gorakhpuri, whose ''takhallus'' is the word for the common theme in Urdu poetry of the state of pining for the beloved, plays on his pen name and the word ''firaq'': Urdu: تو یہ نہ سمجھنا کے فِراق تیری فِراق میں ہیں فِراق اُسکی فِراق میں ہہ جو تیری فِراق میں ہہ Roman Urdu: :''Tu yeh na samajh ke Firaq teri Firaq mein hai'' :''Firaq uski Firaq mein hai jo teri Firaq mein hai'' English Translation: :Don't think that Firaq pines for you :Firaq pines for the one who pines ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabic Poetry
Arabic poetry ( ''ash-shi‘r al-‘arabīyy'') is one of the earliest forms of Arabic literature. Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry contains the bulk of the oldest poetic material in Arabic, but Old Arabic inscriptions reveal the art of poetry existed in Arabic writing in material as early as the 1st century BCE, with oral poetry likely being much older still. Arabic poetry is categorized into two main types, rhymed or measured, and prose, with the former greatly preceding the latter. The rhymed poetry falls within fifteen different meters collected and explained by al-Farahidi in ''The Science of ‘ Arud''. Al-Akhfash, a student of al-Farahidi, later added one more meter to make them sixteen. The meters of the rhythmical poetry are known in Arabic as "seas" (''buḥūr''). The measuring unit of seas is known as "''taf‘īlah''," and every sea contains a certain number of taf'ilas which the poet has to observe in every verse ('' bayt'') of the poem. The measuring procedure of a p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
