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Geonets
A geonet is a geosynthetic material similar in structure to a geogrid, consisting of integrally connected parallel sets of ribs overlying similar sets at various angles for in-plane drainage of liquids or gases. Geonets are often laminated with geotextiles on one or both surfaces and are then referred to as drainage geocomposites. They are competitive with other drainage geocomposites having different core configurations. Manufacturing Geonets are formed by a continuous extrusion process into a netlike configuration of parallel sets of homogeneously interconnected ribs. There are three categories of geonets. The following are illustrated: * ''Biplanar geonets:'' These are the original and most common types and consist of two sets of intersecting ribs at different angles and spacings. The ribs themselves are of different sizes and shapes for different styles. * ''Triplanar geonets:'' These have parallel central ribs with smaller sets of ribs above and beneath mainly for geome ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geosynthetic
Geosynthetics are synthetic products used to stabilize terrain. They are generally polymeric products used to solve civil engineering problems. This includes eight main product categories: geotextiles, geogrids, geonets, geomembranes, geosynthetic clay liners, geofoam, Cellular confinement, geocells and geocomposites. The polymeric nature of the products makes them suitable for use in the ground where high levels of durability are required. They can also be used in exposed applications. Geosynthetics are available in a wide range of forms and materials. These products have a wide range of applications and are currently used in many civil, geotechnical engineering, geotechnical, transportation, geoenvironmental, hydraulics, hydraulic, and private land development, development applications including roads, airfields, railroads, Embankment (transportation), embankments, retaining structures, reservoirs, canals, dams, erosion control, sediment control, landfill liners, landfill covers, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geocomposites
Geocomposites are combinations of two or more Geosynthetics, geosynthetic materials for civil engineering applications that perform multiple geosynthetic functions; the five basic functions are: separation, reinforcement, filtration, drainage, and containment. Such composite materials may enhance technical properties of the soil or the geotechnical structure and minimize application costs. Geotextile-geonet composites When a geotextile is used on one or both sides of a geonets, geonet, the separation and filtration functions are always satisfied, but the drainage function is vastly improved in comparison to geotextiles by themselves. Such geocomposites are regularly used in intercepting and conveying leachate in landfill liner and cover systems and for conducting vapor or water beneath pond liners of various types. These drainage geocomposites also make effective drains to intercept water in a capillary zone where frost heave or salt migration is a problem. In all cases, the liq ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geogrid
A geogrid is geosynthetic material used to reinforce soils and similar materials. Soils pull apart under tension. Compared to soil, geogrids are strong in tension. This fact allows them to transfer forces to a larger area of soil than would otherwise be the case. Geogrids are commonly made of polymer materials, such as polyester, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene or polypropylene. They may be woven or knitted from yarns, heat-welded from strips of material, or produced by punching a regular pattern of holes in sheets of material, then stretched into a grid. The development of methods of preparing relatively rigid polymeric materials by tensile drawing, in a sense "cold working," raised the possibility that such materials could be used in the reinforcement of soils for walls, steep slopes, roadway bases and foundation soils. The principal function of geogrids is for reinforcement. This area, as with many other geosynthetics, is very active, with a number of different products, m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drainage
Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of a surface's water and sub-surface water from an area with excess water. The internal drainage of most agricultural soils can prevent severe waterlogging (anaerobic conditions that harm root growth), but many soils need artificial drainage to improve production or to manage water supplies. History Early history The Indus Valley Civilization had sewerage and drainage systems. All houses in the major cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro had access to water and drainage facilities. Waste water was directed to covered gravity sewers, which lined the major streets. 18th and 19th century The invention of hollow-pipe drainage is credited to Sir Hugh Dalrymple, who died in 1753. Current practices Simple infrastructure such as open drains, pipes, and berms are still common. In modern times, more complex structures involving substantial earthworks and new technologies have been common as well. Geotextiles New storm water drainag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geotextiles
Geotextiles are versatile permeable fabrics that, when used in conjunction with soil, can effectively perform multiple functions, including separation, filtration, reinforcement, protection, and drainage. Typically crafted from polypropylene or polyester, geotextile fabrics are available in two primary forms: woven, which resembles traditional mail bag sacking, and nonwoven, which resembles felt. Geotextile composites have been introduced and products such as geogrids and meshes have been developed. Geotextiles are durable and are able to soften a fall. Overall, these materials are referred to as geosynthetics and each configuration—geonets, geosynthetic clay liners, geogrids, geotextile tubes, and others—can yield benefits in geotechnical and environmental engineering design. History Geotextiles were originally intended to be a substitute for granular soil filters. Geotextiles can also be referred to as ''filter fabrics''. In the 1950s, R.J. Barrett began working usin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polyethylene
Polyethylene or polythene (abbreviated PE; IUPAC name polyethene or poly(methylene)) is the most commonly produced plastic. It is a polymer, primarily used for packaging (plastic bags, plastic films, geomembranes and containers including bottles, cups, jars, etc.). , over 100 million tonnes of polyethylene resins are being produced annually, accounting for 34% of the total plastics market. Many kinds of polyethylene are known, with most having the chemical formula (C2H4)''n''. PE is usually a mixture of similar polymers of ethylene, with various values of ''n''. It can be ''low-density'' or ''high-density'' and many variations thereof. Its properties can be modified further by crosslinking or copolymerization. All forms are nontoxic as well as chemically resilient, contributing to polyethylene's popularity as a multi-use plastic. However, polyethylene's chemical resilience also makes it a long-lived and decomposition-resistant pollutant when disposed of improperly. Being a h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Various Geonets
Various may refer to: * Various (band), an English dubstep/electronic music duo * Various artists, a term for a compilation album containing pieces by various musicians * Various authors, a book containing works by several writers * ''The Various'', a children's fantasy novel by Steve Augarde See also * Various & Gould, a Berlin-based artist duo * '' Various Artists – Archives Vol. 4'', an album by Steve Vai * ''Various Failures'', a compilation album by American experimental rock band Swans * ''The Various Haunts of Men'', a novel by Susan Hill * ''Various Positions'', an album by Leonard Cohen ** Various Positions Tour * ''Various Positions'' (film), a 2002 film directed by Ori Kowarsky * Varius (other) Varius (Latin language, Latin for "knock-kneed" and "different") may refer to: * Members of the gens (Roman), gens Varia, including ** Lucius Varius Rufus ( – 14 BC), Roman poet ** Lucius Varius Ambibulus (fl. ), Roman politician ** Sextus Variu ... * [Baidu] |
ASTM
ASTM International, formerly known as American Society for Testing and Materials, is a standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical international standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems and services. Some 12,575 apply globally. The headquarters is in West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, about northwest of Philadelphia. It was founded in 1902 as the American Section of the International Association for Testing Materials. In addition to its traditional standards work, ASTM operates several global initiatives advancing additive manufacturing, advanced manufacturing, and emerging technologies, including the Additive Manufacturing Center of Excellence (AM CoE), the acquisition oWohlers Associatesfor market intelligence and advisory services, and the NIST-funded Standardization Center of Excellence (SCOE). History In 1898, a group of scientists and engineers, led by chemist, industry leader, and proponent of standardization Ch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Organization For Standardization
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO ; ; ) is an independent, non-governmental, international standard development organization composed of representatives from the national standards organizations of member countries. Membership requirements are given in Article 3 of the ISO Statutes. ISO was founded on 23 February 1947, and () it has published over 25,000 international standards covering almost all aspects of technology and manufacturing. It has over 800 technical committees (TCs) and subcommittees (SCs) to take care of standards development. The organization develops and publishes international standards in technical and nontechnical fields, including everything from manufactured products and technology to food safety, transport, IT, agriculture, and healthcare. More specialized topics like electrical and electronic engineering are instead handled by the International Electrotechnical Commission.Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. 3 June 2021.Inte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Construction Waste
Construction waste or debris is any kind of debris from the construction process. Different government agencies have clear definitions. For example, the United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA defines construction and demolition materials as “debris generated during the construction, renovation and demolition of buildings, roads, and bridges.” Additionally, the EPA has categorized Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste into three categories: non-dangerous, hazardous, and semi-hazardous. Of total construction and demolition (C&D) waste in the United States, 90% comes from the demolition of structures, while waste generated during construction accounts for less than 10%. Construction waste frequently includes materials that are hazardous if disposed of in landfills. Such items include fluorescent lights, batteries, and other electrical equipment. Waste from a construction project can contain "microplastics, PFAS, titanium dioxide, dyes and various chemicals and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hemming And Seaming
Hemming and seaming are two similar metalworking processes in which a sheet metal edge is rolled over onto itself. Hemming is the process in which the edge is rolled flush to itself, while a seam joins the edges of two materials.. Hems are commonly used to reinforce an edge, hide burrs and rough edges, and improve appearance. Seams are commonly used in the food industry on canned goods, on amusement park cars, in metal roof A metal roof is a roofing system featuring metal pieces or tiles exhibiting corrosion resistance, impermeability to water, and long life. It is a component of the building envelope. The metal pieces may be a covering on a structural, non-waterpro ...ing (with a roof seamer), and in the automotive industry. Process The process for both hemming and seaming are the same, except that the tonnage (amount of force exerted) requirement is greater for seaming. The process starts by bending the edge to an acute angle. A flattening die is then used to flatten the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geomembranes
A geomembrane is very low permeability (earth sciences), permeability synthetic membrane liner or barrier used with any geotechnical engineering related material so as to control fluid (liquid or gas) migration in a human-made project, structure, or system. Geomembranes are made from relatively thin continuous polymeric sheets, but they can also be made from the impregnation of geotextiles with Bitumen, asphalt, elastomer or polymer, polymer sprays, or as Bituminous Geomembranes (BGMs), multilayered bitumen geocomposites. Continuous polymer sheet geomembranes are, by far, the most common. Manufacturing The manufacturing of geomembranes begins with the production of the raw materials, which include the polymer resin, and various additives such as antioxidants, plasticizers, fillers, carbon black, and lubricants (as a processing aid). These raw materials (i.e., the "formulation") are then processed into sheets of various widths and thickness by extrusion, calendering, and/or spread ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
