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Gar Tongtsen Yülsung
Gar Tongtsen Yulsung (; zh, t=噶爾·東贊域松; 590-667) was a general of the Tibetan Empire who served as '' Lönchen'' during the reign of Songtsen Gampo. In many Chinese records, his name was given as Lù Dōngzàn ( zh, t=祿東贊) or Lùn Dōngzàn ( zh, t=論東贊); both are attempts to transliterate the short form of his title and name, ''Lön Tongtsen''. Career Gar Tongtsen was born into the Gar clan, an important Tibetan family based in modern Maizhokunggar County. According to '' Clear Mirror on Royal Genealogy'', Tongtsen was dispatched as envoys to Licchavi Kingdom (in modern Nepal) together with Thonmi Sambhota by the emperor Songtsen Gampo. Amshuverma, who was the ruler of Licchavi, married Princess Bhrikuti to Songtsen Gampo. But the historicity of the princess is not certain because no reference to her has been found among the documents discovered at Dunhuang. Tongtsen was dispatched to the Tang dynasty together with Dri Seru Gungton and Thonmi Sambhota ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tibetan Empire
The Tibetan Empire (,) was an empire centered on the Tibetan Plateau, formed as a result of expansion under the Yarlung dynasty heralded by its 33rd king, Songtsen Gampo, in the 7th century. It expanded further under the 38th king, Trisong Detsen, and reached its greatest extent under the 40th king, Ralpacan, Ralpachen, stretching east to Chang'an, west beyond modern Afghanistan, south into modern India and the Bay of Bengal. The Yarlung dynasty was founded in 127 BC in the Yarlung Valley along the Yarlung River, south of Lhasa. The Yarlung capital was moved in the 7th century from the palace Yumbulingka to Lhasa by the 33rd king Songtsen Gampo, and into the Red Fort during the imperial period which continued to the 9th century. The beginning of the imperial period is marked in the reign of the 33rd king of the Yarlung dynasty, Songtsen Gampo. The power of Tibet's military empire gradually increased over a diverse terrain. During the reign of Trisong Detsen, the empire became ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ü-Tsang
Ü-Tsang (དབུས་གཙང་། Wylie; dbus gtsang) is one of the three Tibetan regions, the others being Amdo to the northeast and Kham to the east. Geographically Ü-Tsang covers the Yarlung Tsanpo drainage basin, the western districts surrounding and extending past Mount Kailash, and much of the Changtang plateau to the north. The Himalayas define Ü-Tsang's southern border. Ü-Tsang is the cultural heartland of the Tibetan people. It was formed by the merging of two earlier power centers of Ü (), controlled by the Gelug lineage of Tibetan Buddhism under the early Dalai Lamas, and Tsang (), which extended from Gyantse to the west and was controlled by the rival Sakya lineage. Military victories by the Khoshut Güshi Khan who had backed the 5th Dalai Lama consolidated power over the combined region. The region of Ngari in the northwest was incorporated into Ü-Tsang after the Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War. The Yarlung dynasty had governed the Yarlung and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
7th-century Tibetan People
The 7th century is the period from 601 through 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. The spread of Islam and the Muslim conquests began with the unification of Arabia by the Islamic prophet Muhammad starting in 622. After Muhammad's death in 632, Islam expanded beyond the Arabian Peninsula under the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661) and the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750). The Muslim conquest of Persia in the 7th century led to the downfall of the Sasanian Empire. Also conquered during the 7th century were Syria, Palestine, Armenia, Egypt, and North Africa. The Byzantine Empire suffered setbacks during the rapid expansion of the Caliphate and a mass incursion of Slavs in the Balkans which reduced its territorial limits. The decisive victory at the Siege of Constantinople in the 670s led the empire to retain Asia Minor, which ensured the existence of the empire. In the Iberian Peninsula, the 7th century was known as the ''Siglo de Concilios'' (century o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khyungpo Pungse Sutse
Khyungpo Pungse Sutse (, ? – ?) was a general of the Tibetan Empire. Born in Khyungpo (modern Dêngqên and Biru in Kham). He killed his king and surrendered to the Tibet king, Namri Songtsen. He was so witty that Namri Songtsen put great trust in him. Pungse continued to serve as high minister after Songtsen Gampo ascended the throne. At that time, the Tibetan king and the king of Zhangzhung Zhangzhung or Shangshung was an ancient kingdom in western and northwestern Tibet, existing from about 500 BCE to 625 CE, pre-dating Tibetan Buddhism. The Zhangzhung culture is associated with the Bon religion, which has influenced the philos ... had married each other's sister in a political alliance. However, ''sad mar gar'', Songtsen's sister who had married the Zhangzhung king, ''rig myi rhya'', complained of poor treatment by the king's principal wife. Angry, Songtsen prepared to invade Zhangzhung, and let Pungse to predict the outcome. The oracle predicted a major victory ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gar Tsenyen Gungton
Gar Tsenyen Gungton (, ? – 695) was a general of the Tibetan Empire. He was the fifth son of Minister Gar Tongtsen Yulsung. In Chinese records, his name was given as Bólùn Zànrèn () or Lùn Zànrèn (), both of which attempted to transliterate the short form of his title and name, ''Lön Tsenyen'' (). In 692, the Tang Chinese Troops invaded Tibet in order to recapture the lost land: Four Garrisons of Anxi. Gungton fought together with his brothers. Trinring Tsendro, Tagu Risum, and the Western Turks' khan, Ashina Tuizi (). Tibetan was defeated in the battle. Two years later, Tibetan was defeated by a chinese general, Wang Xiaojie near Qinghai Lake, Gungton and Ashina Tuizi had to flee back to Tibet. The young king, Tridu Songtsen Tridu Songtsen (), Tridu Songtsen or Dusong Mangban, (b.668 – 704d.; r. 676–704 CE) was the 36th king of Tibet and reigned during the Tibetan Empire period. Ascent to throne 'Dus-rong ascended the Tibetan throne after the death of his f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gar Tagu Risum
Gar Tagu Risum (, ? – ?) was a general of the Tibetan Empire. He was the fourth son of minister Gar Tongtsen Yülsung. In Chinese records, his name was given as Xīduōyú (). According to '' Old Tibetan Annals'', his eldest brother Gar Tsenye Dompu came into conflict with another minister Gar Mangnyen Taktsab in 685, and was killed by a river in Sumpa. Tagu's another brother Gar Trinring Tsendro came into power. Tagu put down a rebellion in ''rtsang chen'' together with Trinring in 687. In 692, the Chinese troops led by Wang Xiaojie invaded Tibet in order to recapture the lost land: Four Garrisons of Anxi. Tagu fought together with his brothers Trinring, Tsenyen Gungton, and Western Turks' khan Ashina Tuizi (阿史那俀子). Tibetan was defeated in this battle. Two years later, Chinese invaded Tibet again, and defeated Tibetan troops near Qinghai Lake. Tagu fled but was captured by Sogdian people Sogdia () or Sogdiana was an ancient Iranian peoples, Iranian civilizat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gar Tsenba
Gar Tsenba (, –?), also known as Gar Trintsan Tsangtong (), was a general of the Tibetan Empire. He was the third son of minister Gar Tongtsen Yülsung. In Chinese records, his name was given as Lùn Zànpó () or Zànpó (). He was sent to '' 'A-zha'' to defend against Tang China after his father's death. In 681, he invaded Tang China in 681, but was defeated in Liangfeichuan (良非川) by Heukchi Sangji. His brother Gar Trinring Tsendro succeeded as the new Great Minister in 667, thus Tsenba was also appointed as one of high ministers. According to '' Old Tibetan Annals'', in 690, Tsenba corrected taxes in ''g.yo ru'' (a place in modern Nêdong District, Shannan, Tibet) together with ''ba tsab rgyal tsan thong bo''. The Chinese troops led by Wang Xiaojie and Lou Shide invaded Tibet in 696, but was fully beaten by Tsenba and his brother Gar Trinring. After this battle, Trinring had a very high reputation in Tibet. The young king, Tridu Songtsen, realised that members of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gar Trinring Tsendro
Gar Trinring Tsendro (; ? – 699), also known as Lon Trinling (), was a famous general of the Tibetan Empire. He was the second son of minister Gar Tongtsen Yülsung. In Chinese records, his name was given as Lùn Qīnlíng () or Qǐzhèng (). Career After his elder brother Tsenye Dompu succeeded the '' Lönchen'', he was sent to the newly conquered 'A-zha. In the spring of 670, Tibet attacked the remaining Chinese territories in the western Tarim Basin. The Chinese general Xue Rengui with 50 thousand soldiers returned to 'A-zha, and fought Trinring's 400 thousand soldiers by the Dafei River. The Tibetan Empire suffered huge loses as a result of this battle. Gar Tsenye Dompu came into conflict with another minister Gar Mangnyen Taktsab (), then, met on the battleground in 685. Tsenye died by a river in Sumpa. Obtaining this information, Trinring quickly put down the rebellion. Mangnyen Taktsab disappeared after this event, maybe was purged. Thrimalö, who was the '' de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gar Tsenye Dompu
Gar Tsenye Dompu (; ? – 685) was a general of the Tibetan Empire. He was the eldest son of minister Gar Tongtsen Yülsung. In Chinese records, his name was given as Zàn Xīruò (). The '' Lönchen'' Gar Tongtsen died of neck cancer in 'A-zha in 667, leaving his position vacant. Though many officials regarded We Sungnang as the most suitable candidate, Mangsong Mangtsen still appointed Tsenye as the '' Lönchen''. Gar Tsenye raided the remaining Chinese territories in the Tarim Basin in 673. He came into conflict with another minister Gar Mangnyen Taktsab (), then, met on the battleground in 685. He died by a river in Sumpa The Sumpa () were a tribe living in northeastern Tibet from ancient times. Chinese historical sources refer to them as " Qiang", a term for people living in what is now southwest China, and their actual ethnic identity is not known. Their territory .... His brother Gar Trinring Tsendro quickly put down the rebellion then had Mangnyen Taktsab purged. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lhasa
Lhasa, officially the Chengguan District of Lhasa City, is the inner urban district of Lhasa (city), Lhasa City, Tibet Autonomous Region, Southwestern China. Lhasa is the second most populous urban area on the Tibetan Plateau after Xining and, at an altitude of , Lhasa is one of the List of highest large cities, highest cities in the world. The city has been the religious and administrative capital of Tibet since the mid-17th century. It contains many culturally significant Tibetan Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhist sites such as the Potala Palace, Jokhang Temple and Norbulingka Palaces. Toponymy Lhasa literally translates to "place of gods" ( , god; , place) in the Lhasa Tibetan, Tibetan language. Chengguan literally translates to "urban gateway" ( zh, s=城关, p=Chéngguān) in the Chinese language. Ancient Tibetan documents and inscriptions demonstrate that the place was called Rasa (), which meant "goat's place", as it was a herding site. The name was changed to Lhasa, which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neck Cancer
Head and neck cancer is a general term encompassing multiple cancers that can develop in the head and neck region. These include cancers of the mouth, tongue, gums and lips (oral cancer), voice box ( laryngeal), throat (nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal), salivary glands, nose and sinuses. Head and neck cancer can present a wide range of symptoms depending on where the cancer developed. These can include an ulcer in the mouth that does not heal, changes in the voice, difficulty swallowing, red or white patches in the mouth, and a neck lump. The majority of head and neck cancer is caused by the use of alcohol or tobacco (including smokeless tobacco). An increasing number of cases are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). Other risk factors include the Epstein–Barr virus, chewing betel quid (paan), radiation exposure, poor nutrition and workplace exposure to certain toxic substances. About 90% are pathologically classified as squamous cell cancers. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
