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Gar Tongtsen Yülsung
Gar Tongtsen Yulsung (, 590-667) was a general of the Tibetan Empire who served as '' Lönchen'' during the reign of Songtsen Gampo. In many Chinese records, his name was given as Lù Dōngzàn () or Lùn Dōngzàn (); both are attempts to transliterate the short form of his title and name, ''Lön Tongtsen''. Career Gar Tongtsen was born into the Gar clan, an important Tibetan family based in modern Maizhokunggar County. According to ''Clear Mirror on Royal Genealogy'', Tongtsen was dispatched as envoys to Licchavi Kingdom (in modern Nepal) together with Thonmi Sambhota by the emperor Songtsen Gampo. Amshuverma, who was the ruler of Licchavi, married Princess Bhrikuti to Songtsen Gampo. But the historicity of the princess is not certain because no reference to her has been found among the documents discovered at Dunhuang. Tongtsen was dispatched to Tang China together with Dri Seru Gungton and Thonmi Sambhota in 640, requesting a marriage between the Tibetan emperor and a Tang ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tibetan Empire
The Tibetan Empire (, ; ) was an empire centered on the Tibetan Plateau, formed as a result of imperial expansion under the Yarlung dynasty heralded by its 33rd king, Songtsen Gampo, in the 7th century. The empire further expanded under the 38th king, Trisong Detsen. The 821–823 treaty concluded between the Tibetan Empire and the Tang dynasty delineated the former as being in possession of an area larger than the Tibetan Plateau, stretching east to Chang'an, west beyond modern Afghanistan, and south into modern India and the Bay of Bengal. The Yarlung dynasty was founded in 127 BC in the Yarlung Valley. The Yarlung capital was moved to Lhasa by the 33rd king Songsten Gampo, and into the Red Fort during the imperial period which continued to the 9th century. The beginning of the imperial period is marked in the reign of the 33rd king of the Yarlung dynasty, Songtsen Gampo. The power of Tibet's military empire gradually increased over a diverse terrain. During the reign of T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ü-Tsang
Ü-Tsang is one of the three traditional provinces of Tibet, the others being Amdo in the north-east, and Kham in the east. Ngari (including former Guge kingdom) in the north-west was incorporated into Ü-Tsang. Geographically Ü-Tsang covered the south-central of the Tibetan cultural area, including the Brahmaputra River watershed. The western districts surrounding and extending past Mount Kailash are included in Ngari, and much of the vast Changtang plateau to the north. The Himalayas defined Ü-Tsang's southern border. The present Tibet Autonomous Region corresponds approximately to what was ancient Ü-Tsang and western Kham. Ü-Tsang was formed by the merging of two earlier power centers: Ü () in central Tibet, controlled by the Gelug lineage of Tibetan Buddhism under the early Dalai Lamas, and Tsang () which extended from Gyantse to points west, controlled by the rival Sakya lineage. Military victories by the powerful Khoshut Mongol Güshi Khan that backed 5th Dalai L ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
7th-century Tibetan People
The 7th century is the period from 601 (DCI) through 700 ( DCC) in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Common Era. The spread of Islam and the Muslim conquests began with the unification of Arabia by Muhammad starting in 622. After Muhammad's death in 632, Islam expanded beyond the Arabian Peninsula under the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661) and the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750). The Muslim conquest of Persia in the 7th century led to the downfall of the Sasanian Empire. Also conquered during the 7th century were Syria, Palestine, Armenia, Egypt, and North Africa. The Byzantine Empire suffered setbacks during the rapid expansion of the Caliphate, a mass incursion of Slavs in the Balkans which reduced its territorial limits. The decisive victory at the Siege of Constantinople in the 670s led the empire to retain Asia Minor which assured the existence of the empire. In the Iberian Peninsula, the 7th century was known as the ''Siglo de Concilios'' (century of councils) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khyungpo Pungse Sutse
Khyungpo Pungse Sutse (, ? – ?) was a general of the Tibetan Empire. Born in Khyungpo (modern Dêngqên and Biru in Kham). He killed his king and surrendered to the Tibet king, Namri Songtsen. He was so witty that Namri Songtsen put great trust in him. Pungse continued to serve as high minister after Songtsen Gampo ascended the throne. At that time, the Tibetan king and the king of Zhangzhung had married each other's sister in a political alliance. However, ''sad mar gar'', Songtsen's sister who had married the Zhangzhung king, ''rig myi rhya'', complained of poor treatment by the king's principal wife. Angry, Songtsen prepared to invade Zhangzhung, and let Pungse to predict the outcome. The oracle predicted a major victory. Songtsen led a large number of troops in an invasion of Zhangzhung in 642, and many high ministers participated in the mission, including Khyungpo Pungse and Gar Tongtsen. After three years of bloody war, Zhangzhung was finally conquered by Tibet, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gar Tsenyen Gungton
Gar Tsenyen Gungton (, ? – 695) was a general of the Tibetan Empire. He was the fifth son of minister Gar Tongtsen Yulsung. In Chinese records, his name was given as Bólùn Zànrèn () or Lùn Zànrèn (), both attempted to transliterate the short form of his title and name, ''Lön Tsenyen'' (). In 692, the Tang Chinese troops invaded Tibet in order to recapture the lost land: Four Garrisons of Anxi The Four Garrisons of Anxi were Chinese military garrisons installed by the Tang dynasty between 648 and 658. They were stationed at the Indo-European city-states of Qiuci (Kucha), Yutian (Hotan), Shule (Kashgar) and Yanqi (Karashahr). The P .... Gungton fought together with his brothers Trinring Tsendro, Tagu Risum, and Western Turks' khan Ashina Tuizi (). Tibetan was defeated in the battle. Two years later, Tibetean was defeated by Chinese general Wang Xiaojie near Qinghai Lake, Gungton and Ashina Tuizi had to flee back to Tibet. The young king Tridu Songtsen ha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gar Tagu Risum
Gar Tagu Risum (, ? – ?) was a general of the Tibetan Empire. He was the fourth son of minister Gar Tongtsen Yülsung. In Chinese records, his name was given as Xīduōyú (). According to '' Old Tibetan Annals'', his eldest brother Gar Tsenye Dompu came into conflict with another minister Gar Mangnyen Taktsab in 685, and was killed by a river in Sumpa. Tagu's another brother Gar Trinring Tsendro came into power. Tagu put down a rebellion in ''rtsang chen'' together with Trinring in 687. In 692, the Chinese troops led by Wang Xiaojie invaded Tibet in order to recapture the lost land: Four Garrisons of Anxi. Tagu fought together with his brothers Trinring, Tsenyen Gungton, and Western Turks' khan Ashina Tuizi (阿史那俀子). Tibetan was defeated in this battle. Two years later, Chinese invaded Tibet again, and defeated Tibetan troops near Qinghai Lake. Tagu fled but was captured by Sogdian people Sogdia (Sogdian language, Sogdian: ) or Sogdiana was an ancient Iranian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gar Tsenba
Gar Tsenba (, ? – ?), also known as Gar Trintsan Tsangtong (), was a general of the Tibetan Empire. He was the third son of minister Gar Tongtsen Yülsung. In Chinese records, his name was given as Lùn Zànpó () or Zànpó (). He was sent to '' 'A-zha'' to defend against Tang China after his father's death. In 681, he invaded Tang China in 681, but was defeated in Liangfeichuan (良非川) by Heukchi Sangji. His brother Gar Trinring Tsendro succeeded as the new Great Minister in 667, Tsenba was also appointed as one of high ministers. According to ''Old Tibetan Annals'', in 690, Tsenba corrected taxes in ''g.yo ru'' (a place in mordern Nêdong District, Shannan, Tibet) together with ''ba tsab rgyal tsan thong bo''. The Chinese troops led by Wang Xiaojie and Lou Shide invaded Tibet in 696, but was utterly beaten by Tsenba and his brother Gar Trinring. After this battle, Trinring owned very high reputation in Tibet. The young king, Tridu Songtsen, realised that members of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gar Trinring Tsendro
Gar Trinring Tsendro (; ? – 699), also known as Lon Trinling (), was a famous general of the Tibetan Empire. He was the second son of minister Gar Tongtsen Yülsung. In Chinese records, his name was given as Lùn Qīnlíng () or Qǐzhèng (). Career After his elder brother Tsenye Dompu succeeded the '' Lönchen'', he was sent to the newly conquered 'A-zha. In the spring of 670, Tibet attacked the remaining Chinese territories in the western Tarim Basin. The Chinese general Xue Rengui with 50 thousand soldiers returned to 'A-zha, and fought Trinring's 400 thousand soldiers by the Dafei River. The Tibetan Empire suffered huge loses as a result of this battle. Gar Tsenye Dompu came into conflict with another minister Gar Mangnyen Taktsab (), then, met on the battleground in 685. Tsenye died by a river in Sumpa. Obtaining this information, Trinring quickly put down the rebellion. Mangnyen Taktsab disappeared after this event, maybe was purged. Thrimalö, who was the ''de f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gar Tsenye Dompu
Gar Tsenye Dompu (; ? – 685) was a general of the Tibetan Empire. He was the eldest son of minister Gar Tongtsen Yülsung. In Chinese records, his name was given as Zàn Xīruò (). The '' Lönchen'' Gar Tongtsen died of neck cancer in 'A-zha in 667, leaving his position vacant. Though many officials regarded We Sungnang as the most suitable candidate, Mangsong Mangtsen still appointed Tsenye as the '' Lönchen''. Gar Tsenye raided the remaining Chinese territories in the Tarim Basin in 673. He came into conflict with another minister Gar Mangnyen Taktsab (), then, met on the battleground in 685. He died by a river in Sumpa. His brother Gar Trinring Tsendro Gar Trinring Tsendro (; ? – 699), also known as Lon Trinling (), was a famous general of the Tibetan Empire. He was the second son of minister Gar Tongtsen Yülsung. In Chinese records, his name was given as Lùn Qīnlíng () or Qǐzhèng ... quickly put down the rebellion then had Mangnyen Taktsab purged. La ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lhasa
Lhasa (; Lhasa dialect: ; bo, text=ལྷ་ས, translation=Place of Gods) is the urban center of the prefecture-level Lhasa City and the administrative capital of Tibet Autonomous Region in Southwest China. The inner urban area of Lhasa City is equivalent to the administrative borders of Chengguan District (), which is part of the wider prefectural Lhasa City. Lhasa is the second most populous urban area on the Tibetan Plateau after Xining and, at an altitude of , Lhasa is one of the highest cities in the world. The city has been the religious and administrative capital of Tibet since the mid-17th century. It contains many culturally significant Tibetan Buddhist sites such as the Potala Palace, Jokhang Temple and Norbulingka Palaces. Toponymy Lhasa literally translates to "place of gods" ( , god; , place) in the Tibetan language. Chengguan literally translates to "urban gateway" () in the Chinese language. Ancient Tibetan documents and inscriptions demonstra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neck Cancer
Head and neck cancer develops from tissues in the lip and oral cavity (mouth), larynx (throat), salivary glands, nose, sinuses or the skin of the face. The most common types of head and neck cancers occur in the lip, mouth, and larynx. Symptoms predominantly include a sore that does not heal or a change in the voice. Some may experience a sore throat that does not go away. In those with advanced disease, there may be unusual bleeding, facial pain, numbness or swelling, and visible lumps on the outside of the neck or oral cavity. Given the location of these cancers, trouble breathing may also be present. The majority of head and neck cancer is caused by the use of alcohol or tobacco, including smokeless tobacco, with increasing cases linked to the human papillomavirus (HPV). Other risk factors include Epstein-Barr virus, betel quid, radiation exposure, certain workplace exposures. About 90% are pathologically classified as squamous cell cancers. The diagnosis is confirmed by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
_squamous_cell_carcinoma_histopathology.jpg "Click for more on -> Neck Cancer")