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GRIA2
Glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 2 (also known as glutamate receptor 2 or GluR-2) is a protein in humans that is encoded by the ''GRIA2'' (also called ''GLUR2'') gene. It functions as a subunit of AMPA receptors. Function Glutamate receptors are the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian brain and are activated in a variety of normal neurophysiologic processes. This gene product belongs to a family of glutamate receptors that are sensitive to alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA), called AMPA receptors, and function as ligand-activated cation channels. These channels are assembled from a combination of 4 subunits, encoded by 4 genes (''GRIA1-4''). The subunit encoded by this gene (''GRIA2'') is subject to RNA editing which renders the receptor that it becomes part of impermeable to calcium ions (Ca2+). Human and animal studies suggest that the RNA editing is essential for normal brain function, and defectiv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AMPA Receptor
The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPA receptor, AMPAR, or quisqualate receptor) is an ionotropic receptor, ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) and predominantly sodium ion channel that mediates fast excitatory neurotransmission in the Central nervous system, central nervous system (CNS). Its activation by the neurotransmitter Glutamate (neurotransmitter), glutamate facilitates rapid neuronal communication, essential for various brain functions, including learning and memory. Its name is derived from the ability to be activated by the artificial glutamate analog AMPA. The receptor was initially named the "Quisqualic acid, quisqualate receptor" by Watkins and colleagues after the naturally occurring agonist quisqualic acid, quisqualate. Later, the receptor was designated as the "AMPA receptor" following the development of the selective agonist AMPA by Tage Honore and colleagues at the Royal Danish School of Pharmacy in Copenhagen. The ''GRIA2''- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ligand-gated Ion Channel
Ligand-gated ion channels (LICs, LGIC), also commonly referred to as ionotropic receptors, are a group of transmembrane ion-channel proteins which open to allow ions such as sodium, Na+, potassium, K+, calcium, Ca2+, and/or chloride, Cl− to pass through the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger (i.e. a ligand (biochemistry), ligand), such as a neurotransmitter. When a presynaptic neuron is excited, it releases a neurotransmitter from vesicles into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitter then binds to receptors located on the postsynaptic neuron. If these receptors are ligand-gated ion channels, a resulting conformational change opens the ion channels, which leads to a flow of ions across the cell membrane. This, in turn, results in either a depolarization, for an excitatory receptor response, or a hyperpolarization (biology), hyperpolarization, for an inhibitory response. These receptor proteins are typically composed of at least two different domains ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SPTAN1
Alpha II-spectrin, also known as Spectrin alpha chain, brain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SPTAN1'' gene. Alpha II-spectrin is expressed in a variety of tissues, and is highly expressed in cardiac muscle at sarcomere, Z-disc structures, costameres and at the sarcolemma membrane. Mutations in alpha II-spectrin have been associated with Ohtahara syndrome, early infantile epileptic encephalopathy-5, and alpha II-spectrin may be a valuable biomarker for Guillain–Barré syndrome and infantile congenital heart disease. Structure Alternate splicing of alpha II-spectrin has been documented and results in multiple transcript variants; specifically, cardiomyocytes have four identified alpha II-spectrin splice variants. As opposed to alpha I-spectrin that is principally found in erythrocytes, alpha II-spectrin is expressed in most tissues. In cardiac muscle, cardiac tissue, alpha II-spectrin is found in myocytes at sarcomere, Z-discs, costameres, and the sarcolemma membra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glutamate Receptor
Glutamate receptors are synaptic and non synaptic receptors located primarily on the membranes of neuronal and glial cells. Glutamate (the conjugate base of glutamic acid) is abundant in the human body, but particularly in the nervous system and especially prominent in the human brain where it is the body's most prominent neurotransmitter, the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter, and also the precursor for GABA, the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter. Glutamate receptors are responsible for the glutamate-mediated postsynaptic excitation of neural cells, and are important for neural communication, memory formation, learning, and regulation. Glutamate receptors are implicated in a number of neurological conditions. Their central role in excitotoxicity and prevalence in the central nervous system has been linked or speculated to be linked to many neurodegenerative diseases, and several other conditions have been further linked to glutamate receptor gene muta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PICK1
Protein Interacting with C Kinase - 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PICK1'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene contains a PDZ domain, through which it interacts with protein kinase C, alpha ( PRKCA). This protein may function as an adaptor that binds to and organizes the subcellular localization of a variety of membrane proteins. It has been shown to interact with multiple glutamate receptor subtypes, monoamine plasma membrane transporters, as well as non-voltage gated sodium channels, and may target PRKCA to these membrane proteins and thus regulate their distribution and function. This protein has also been found to act as an anchoring protein that specifically targets PRKCA to mitochondria in a ligand-specific manner. Three transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. Interactions PICK1 has been shown to interact with: * ACCN2, * BNC1, * Dopamine transporter, * GRIA2, * GRIA3, * GRIA4, * GRIK1, * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GRIP1 (gene)
Glutamate receptor-interacting protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GRIP1'' gene. Interactions GRIP1 (gene) has been shown to interact with: * GRM3, * GRIA2, * GRIA3 Glutamate receptor 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GRIA3'' gene. Function Glutamate receptors are the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian brain and are activated in a variety of normal neurophys ..., * GRIA4, * GRIK2, and * GRIK3. References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * External links * * {{gene-12-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residue (biochemistry), residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including Enzyme catalysis, catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, Cell signaling, responding to stimuli, providing Cytoskeleton, structure to cells and Fibrous protein, organisms, and Intracellular transport, transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the Nucleic acid sequence, nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific Protein structure, 3D structure that determines its activity. A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20–30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called pep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare locally aggressive malignant cutaneous soft-tissue sarcoma. DFSP develops in the connective tissue cells in the middle layer of the skin (dermis). Estimates of the overall occurrence of DFSP in the United States are 0.8 to 4.5 cases per million persons per year. In the United States, DFSP accounts for between 1 and 6 percent of all soft-tissue sarcomas and 18 percent of all cutaneous soft-tissue sarcomas. In the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results, Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) tumor registry from 1992 through 2004, DFSP was second only to Kaposi's sarcoma, Kaposi sarcoma. Presentation Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans begins as a minor firm area of skin most commonly about to 1 to 5 cm in diameter. It can resemble a bruise, birthmark, or pimple. It is a slow-growing tumor and is usually found on the torso but can occur anywhere on the body. About 90% of DFSPs are low-grade sarcomas. About 10% are mix ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CD34
CD34 is a transmembrane phosphoglycoprotein protein encoded by the CD34 gene in humans, mice, rats and other species. CD34 derives its name from the cluster of differentiation protocol that identifies cell surface antigens. CD34 was first described on hematopoietic stem cells independently by Civin et al. and Tindle et al. as a cell surface glycoprotein and functions as a cell-cell adhesion factor. It may also mediate the attachment of hematopoietic stem cells to bone marrow extracellular matrix or directly to stromal cells. Clinically, it is associated with the selection and enrichment of hematopoietic stem cells for bone marrow transplants. Due to these historical and clinical associations, CD34 expression is almost ubiquitously related to hematopoietic cells; however, it is actually found on many other cell types as well. Function The CD34 protein is a member of a family of single-pass transmembrane sialomucin proteins that show expression on early haematopoietic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Solitary Fibrous Tumour
Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT), also known as fibrous tumor of the pleura, is a rare mesenchymal tumor originating in the pleuraTravis WD, Brambilla E, Muller-Hermelink HK, Harris CC (Eds.): World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Lung, Pleura, Thymus and Heart. IARC Press: Lyon 2004. or at virtually any site in the soft tissue including the seminal vesicle. Approximately 78% to 88% of SFT's are benign and 12% to 22% are malignant.Robinson LA. Solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura. Cancer Control 2006;13:264-9. The World Health Organization (2020) classified SFT as a specific type of tumor in the category of malignant fibroblastic and myofibroblastic tumors. Signs and symptoms About 80% of pleural SFTs originate in the visceral pleura, while 20% arise from parietal pleura. Although they are often very large tumors—up to in diameter—over half are asymptomatic at diagnosis.Briselli M, Mark EJ, Dickersin GR. Solitary fibrous tum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Endoplasmic Reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a part of a transportation system of the eukaryote, eukaryotic cell, and has many other important functions such as protein folding. The word endoplasmic means "within the cytoplasm", and reticulum is Latin for "little net". It is a type of organelle made up of two subunits – rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). The endoplasmic reticulum is found in most eukaryotic cells and forms an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs known as cisternae (in the RER), and tubular structures in the SER. The membranes of the ER are continuous with the outer nuclear membrane. The endoplasmic reticulum is not found in red blood cells, or spermatozoa. There are two types of ER that share many of the same proteins and engage in certain common activities such as the synthesis of certain lipids and cholesterol. Different types of Cell (biology), cells contain different ratios of the two types of ER dependin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alu Element
An Alu element is a short stretch of DNA originally characterized by the action of the ''Arthrobacter luteus (Alu)'' restriction endonuclease. ''Alu'' elements are the most abundant transposable elements in the human genome, present in excess of one million copies. Most ''Alu'' elements are thought to be selfish or parasitic DNA. However, it has been suggested that at least some are likely to play a role in evolution and have been used as genetic markers. They are derived from the small cytoplasmic 7SL RNA, a component of the signal recognition particle. ''Alu'' elements are not highly conserved within primate genomes, as only a minority have retained activity, and originated in the genome of an ancestor of Supraprimates. ''Alu'' insertions have been implicated in several inherited human diseases and in various forms of cancer. The study of Alu elements has also been important in elucidating human population genetics and the evolution of primates, including the evolution of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
