|
Félix I
Félix I (officially "F-360-BD") was a Brazilian Army Technical School project led by Lieutenant Colonel Myearel dos Santos Lage which aimed, in 1959, to launch the Flamengo cat into space. But the project was canceled due to pressure from animal advocacy groups, and the launch never took place. History Origins The project, with limited financial resources, was part of the graduation class of 1958 of the Army Technical School that aimed to create a sounding rocket, something unheard of in Brazil at the time. The official name was "Rocket Sonda 360-BD", unrelated to the later . The rocket had an outer diameter of 400 mm, a length of 4.3 meters, and a total mass of 350 kg with the payload, and it used only a single stage and was propelled by gunpowder, reaching a maximum speed of 1.950 m/s. Lieutenant-Colonel Myearel dos Santos Lage's ultimate goal, head of the Rocket Program and leader of the project, but not shared by the institution, was to develop a satellite l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sounding Rocket
A sounding rocket or rocketsonde, sometimes called a research rocket or a suborbital rocket, is an instrument-carrying rocket designed to take measurements and perform scientific experiments during its sub-orbital flight. The rockets are used to launch instruments from 48 to 145 km (30 to 90 miles) above the surface of the Earth, the altitude generally between weather balloons and satellites; the maximum altitude for balloons is about 40 km (25 miles) and the minimum for satellites is approximately 121 km (75 miles). Certain sounding rockets have an apogee between 1,000 and 1,500 km (620 and 930 miles), such as the Black Brant X and XII, which is the maximum apogee of their class. Sounding rockets often use military surplus rocket motors. NASA routinely flies the Terrier Mk 70 boosted Improved Orion, lifting 270–450-kg (600–1,000-pound) payloads into the exoatmospheric region between 97 and 201 km (60 and 125 miles). Etymology The origin of the te ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Henrique Teixeira Lott
Henrique Batista Duffles Teixeira Lott (November 16, 1894 – May 19, 1984) was a Brazilian military and political figure.CARLONI, Karla Guilherme''Marechal Henrique Teixeira Lott: a opção das esquerdas'' Niterói: UFF, 2010. Career A former military attache in the United States, Lott was promoted to General in 1944. After President Getúlio Vargas' final downfall in 1954, his successor Café Filho appointed Lott, known for his loyalty to the constitutional government, as Minister of War. After Filho's leave of absence for health reasons on November 9, 1955 (with less than three months of his term left), President of the Chamber of Deputies Carlos Luz assumed the Presidency, as President-elect Juscelino Kubitschek and Vice President-elect João Goulart were expected to be inaugurated next January. As the military itself were bitterly divided politically, there were fears that part of it, with support of President Café Filho, would attempt to prevent elected leaders from takin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scientific Controversies
Controversies involving science exists in all aspects. Sometimes defined as a "''persistent disagreement''" over knowledge, the contrasting opinions of certain topics leaves individuals in a tense setting. A scientific controversy is a substantial disagreement among scientists. A scientific controversy may involve issues such as the interpretation of data, which ideas are most supported by evidence, and which ideas are most worth pursuing. Controversies between scientific and non-scientific ideas are not within the realm of science and are not true scientific controversies. The origin of science-related controversies Scientific controversies usually exist in the context of geography, history, and social context. Much like other topics, there are individuals that can’t seem to see eye to eye within the world of science. Depending on the demographic, the way a community sides with an opinion varies. With the natural conflict of having varying opinions, an audience having their ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1958 In Spaceflight
Explorer 1 Explorer 1 was the first satellite launched by the United States in 1958 and was part of the U.S. participation in the International Geophysical Year (IGY). The mission followed the first two satellites the previous year; the Soviet Union's S ... was the first American satellite to reach orbit on 31 January 1958. Launches January February March April May June July August September October November December Orbital launch summary By country By rocket By family By type and configuration By launch site By orbit See also * Timeline of spaceflight References Footnotes {{Orbital launches in 1958 19 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1958 In Brazil
Events in the year 1958 in Brazil. Incumbents Federal government * President: Juscelino Kubitschek * Vice President: João Goulart Governors * Alagoas: Sizenando Nabuco de Melo (until 24 January); Sebastião Muniz Falcão (from 24 January) * Amazonas: Plínio Ramos Coelho * Bahia: Antônio Balbino * Ceará: Paulo Sarasate (until 3 July) Flávio Marcílio (from 3 July) * Espírito Santo: Francisco Lacerda de Aguiar * Goiás: José Ludovico de Almeida * Maranhão: * Mato Grosso: João Ponce de Arruda * Minas Gerais: José Francisco Bias Fortes * Pará: Magalhães Barata * Paraíba: Flávio Coutinho (until 4 January); Pedro Gondim (from 4 January) * Paraná: Moisés Lupion * Pernambuco: Osvaldo Cordeiro de Farias (until 14 November); Otávio Correia de Araújo (from 14 November) * Piauí: Jacob Gaioso e Almendra * Rio de Janeiro: Miguel Couto Filho (until 2 July); Togo Barros (from 2 July) * R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Animals In Space
Animals in space originally served to test the survivability of spaceflight, before human spaceflights were attempted. Later, other non-human animals were flown to investigate various biological processes and the effects microgravity and space flight might have on them. Bioastronautics is an area of bioengineering research which spans the study and support of life in space. To date, seven national space programs have flown animals into space: the United States, Soviet Union, France, Argentina, China, Japan and Iran. A wide variety of animals have been launched into space, including monkeys and apes, dogs, cats, tortoises, mice, rats, rabbits, fish, frogs, spiders, quail eggs (which hatched in 1990 on ''Mir''), and insects. The US launched flights carrying primates primarily between 1948 and 1961, with one flight in 1969 and one in 1985. France launched two monkey-carrying flights in 1967. The Soviet Union and Russia launched monkeys between 1983 and 1996. During the 1950s and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
VLM (rocket)
The VLM (''Veículo Lançador de Microssatélites'') is a proposed three-stage satellite launcher being developed by the Brazilian General Command for Aerospace Technology in collaboration with Germany. The project originated in 2008 as a simplified version of the VLS-1 rocket, using only the core stages. The first launch is currently planned for no earlier than 2023. A version based on the S-50 rocket engine is being developed, with the objective of launching satellites of up to 150 kg into equatorial circular orbits at 300 km altitude. VLM-1 description The VLM-1 vehicle is designed to deliver up to payloads to a 300 km equatorial circular orbit. VLM-1 is projected to have a total mass of , including 10 tons of propellant. The first two stages will use the S-50 solid fuel engine, with the third using the same S-44 engine as in the VS-40 sounding rocket. * Stage 1: S-50 rocket engine * Stage 2: S-50 rocket engine * Stage 3: S-44 rocket engine Launches will be from the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
VLS-1
The ''VLS-1'' () was the Brazilian Space Agency's main satellite launch vehicle. The launch vehicle was to be capable of launching satellites into orbit. The launch site was located at the Alcântara Launch Center due to its proximity to the equator. Associated vehicles include the Sonda I, Sonda II, Sonda III and Sonda IV, the VS-30, VS-40 and VSB-30. The VLS was cancelled after decades of development and high expenditures with poor results and a failed association with Ukraine that slowed the program for years. History VLS-1 development started in 1984, after the first launch of the Sonda IV rocket. To date, three prototypes have been built and two launches attempted, departing from the Alcântara Launch Center. During the V1 and V2 prototype launches (VLS-1 V1 and VLS-1 V2) technical problems prevented mission success, but allowed the testing of several vehicle components. The V3 prototype exploded on the launch pad on 22 August 2003, two days before its intended laun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a Federation, federal union of Republics of the Soviet Union, fifteen national republics; in practice, both Government of the Soviet Union, its government and Economy of the Soviet Union, its economy were highly Soviet-type economic planning, centralized until its final years. It was a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the city of Moscow serving as its capital as well as that of its largest and most populous republic: the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR. Other major cities included Saint Petersburg, Leningrad (Russian SFSR), Kyiv, Kiev (Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukrainian SSR), Minsk (Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Byelorussian SSR), Tas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territories, nine Minor Outlying Islands, and 326 Indian reservations. The United States is also in free association with three Pacific Island sovereign states: the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and the Republic of Palau. It is the world's third-largest country by both land and total area. It shares land borders with Canada to its north and with Mexico to its south and has maritime borders with the Bahamas, Cuba, Russia, and other nations. With a population of over 333 million, it is the most populous country in the Americas and the third most populous in the world. The national capital of the United States is Washington, D.C. and its most populous city and principal financial center is New York City. Paleo-Americ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Instituto Militar De Engenharia
The ''Instituto Militar de Engenharia'' (IME; en, Military Institute of Engineering) is an engineering institute maintained by the Brazilian Army with federal support. IME is the oldest and one of the best ranked engineering schools in Brazil, according to the Brazilian Ministry of Education. Its current campus is located in Urca, Rio de Janeiro, opposite the entrance to the Sugar Loaf cable car. History The Institute was founded by the Portuguese colonial administration in 1792, as the ''Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho'' (Royal Academy of Artillery, Fortification and Drawing), on the model of the Fortification, Artillery and Drawing Academy of Lisbon. IME is the third oldest engineering school in the world and the oldest in Americas. The school is known for having produced some of Brazil's most notable researchers and public figures. Teaching and admission The school's undergraduate admission exam is considered one of the most difficult in the countr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Space Program
The French space program includes both civil and military spaceflight activities. It is the third oldest national space program in the world, after the Soviet (now Russian) and American space programs, and the largest space program in Europe. Background Space travel has long been a significant ambition in French culture. From the Gobelins' 1664 tapestry representing a space rocket, to Jules Verne's 1865 novel ''From the Earth to the Moon'' and George Méliès' 1902 film ''A Trip to the Moon'', space and rocketry were present in French society long before the technological means appeared to allow the development of a space exploration program. During the late 18th century, Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier, Jacques Charles and the Montgolfier brothers are seen as worldwide precursors and explorers of aeronautics, with the world record altitude then reached by a human at performed by Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac in 1804. Those names, their numerous students and their works will mar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
_issued_by_Kinney_Bros._MET_DPB872267.jpg "Click for more on -> Scientific Controversies")
