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François Français
Joseph François Français was a French mathematician. François Français worked extensively on differential calculus. He developed on the previous work of Jean-Robert Argand on complex numbers. Biography François Français was a student in a seminary and afterwards he became a teacher at Colmar College in 1791 for one year and then moved to Strasbourg College in 1792. The aftermath of the French Revolution of 1789 interrupted his career. Not everyone supported the government that formed after the revolution. The revolution overthrew the monarchy of King Louis XVI to establish a republic but brought in years of turmoil that finally led to the rise of Napoleon. France faced both internal and external wars. A civil war broke out in 1793 in the coastal region of Vendée in western France as a reaction against the imposition of conscription. This became known as the Guerre de Vendée or War in the Vendée. The next month royalists and peasants came together in February 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Counter-revolutionary
A counter-revolutionary or an anti-revolutionary is anyone who opposes or resists a revolution, particularly one who acts after a revolution has occurred, in order to try to overturn it or reverse its course, in full or in part. The adjective "counter-revolutionary" pertains to movements that would restore the state of affairs, or the principles, that prevailed during a pre-revolutionary era. Definition A counter-revolution is opposition or resistance to a revolutionary movement. It can refer to attempts to defeat a revolutionary movement before it takes power, as well as attempts to restore the old regime after a successful revolution. Europe France The word "counter-revolutionary" originally referred to thinkers who opposed themselves to the 1789 French Revolution, such as Joseph de Maistre, Louis de Bonald or, later, Charles Maurras, the founder of the '' Action Française'' monarchist movement. More recently, it has been used in France to describe political movements ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1810 Deaths
Events January–March * January 1 – Major-General Lachlan Macquarie officially becomes Governor of New South Wales. * January 4 – Australian seal hunter Frederick Hasselborough discovers Campbell Island, in the Subantarctic. * January 12 – The marriage of Napoleon and Joséphine is annulled. * February 13 – After seizing Jaén, Córdoba, Seville and Granada, Napoleonic troops enter Málaga under the command of General Horace Sebastiani. * February 17 – Napoleon Bonaparte decrees that Rome would become the second capital of the French Empire. * February 20 – Tyrolean rebel leader Andreas Hofer is executed. * March 11 – Napoleon marries Marie-Louise of Austria by proxy in Vienna. April–June * April 2 – Napoleon Bonaparte marries Marie Louise of Austria, Duchess of Parma, in person, in Paris. * April 19 – Venezuela achieves home rule: Vicente Emparán, Governor of the Captaincy General of Venezuela, is removed by the people of Caraca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1768 Births
Events January–March * January 9 – Philip Astley stages the first modern circus, with acrobats on galloping horses, in London. * February 11 – Samuel Adams's circular letter is issued by the Massachusetts House of Representatives, and sent to the other Thirteen Colonies. Refusal to revoke the letter will result in dissolution of the Massachusetts Assembly, and (from October) incur the institution of martial law to prevent civil unrest. * February 24 – With Russian troops occupying the nation, opposition legislators of the national legislature having been deported, the government of Poland signs a treaty virtually turning the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth into a protectorate of the Russian Empire. * February 27 – The first Secretary of State for the Colonies is appointed in Britain, the Earl of Hillsborough. * February 29 – Five days after the signing of the treaty, a group of the szlachta, Polish nobles, establishes the Bar Confed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pierre-Simon De Laplace
Pierre-Simon, Marquis de Laplace (; ; 23 March 1749 – 5 March 1827) was a French polymath, a scholar whose work has been instrumental in the fields of physics, astronomy, mathematics, engineering, statistics, and philosophy. He summarized and extended the work of his predecessors in his five-volume ''Mécanique céleste'' (''Celestial Mechanics'') (1799–1825). This work translated the geometric study of classical mechanics to one based on calculus, opening up a broader range of problems. Laplace also popularized and further confirmed Sir Isaac Newton's work. In statistics, the Bayesian interpretation of probability was developed mainly by Laplace. Laplace formulated Laplace's equation, and pioneered the Laplace transform which appears in many branches of mathematical physics, a field that he took a leading role in forming. The Laplacian differential operator, widely used in mathematics, is also named after him. He restated and developed the nebular hypothesis of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Annales De Mathématiques Pures Et Appliquées
The (, ), commonly known as the (, ''Annals of Gergonne''), was a mathematical journal published in Nîmes, France from 1810 to 1831 by Joseph Diez Gergonne. The annals were largely devoted to geometry, with additional articles on history, philosophy, and mathematics education showing interdisciplinarity. "In the , Gergonne established in form and content a set of exceptionally high standards for mathematical journalism. New symbols and new terms to enrich mathematical literature are found here for the first time. The journal, which met with instant approval, became a model for many another editor. Cauchy, Poncelet, Brianchon, Steiner, Plücker, Crelle, Poisson, Ampere, Chasles, and Liouville sent articles for publication." Operational calculus was developed in the journal in 1814 by Francois-Joseph Servois. Francois-Joseph Servois (1814Analise Transcendante. Essai sur unNouveu Mode d'Exposition des Principes der Calcul Differential ''Annales de Gergonne'' 5: 93–140 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dictionary Of Scientific Biography
The ''Dictionary of Scientific Biography'' is a scholarly reference work that was published from 1970 through 1980 by publisher Charles Scribner's Sons, with main editor the science historian Charles Coulston Gillispie, Charles Gillispie, from Princeton University. It consisted of sixteen volumes. It is supplemented by the ''New Dictionary of Scientific Biography'' (2007). Both these publications are included in a later ebook, electronic book, called the ''Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography''. ''Dictionary of Scientific Biography'' The ''Dictionary of Scientific Biography'' is a scholarly English-language reference work consisting of biography, biographies of scientists from antiquity to modern times but excluding scientists who were alive when the ''Dictionary'' was first published. It includes scientists who worked in the areas of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, and earth sciences. The work is notable for being one of the most substantial reference works in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
René Taton
René Taton (4 April 1915 – 9 August 2004) was a French mathematician, historian of science, and long co-chief-editor of the ''Revue d'histoire des sciences''. He was awarded both the highest lifetime achievement awards in the field of history of science: the George Sarton Medal, in 1975, and the Alexandre Koyré Medal, in 1997. Life Taton was born on 4 April 1915 in L'Échelle, France. In 1935, he became a student of École normale supérieure de Saint-Cloud. He was a mathematician before moving to the history of science, and in 1951 cemented the move by earning a ''doctorat d'état ès lettres'' with philosopher Gaston Bachelard as his advisor, focusing on the history of projective geometry; his primary thesis concerned the work of Gaspard Monge and his accessory thesis concerned Girard Desargues. He died on 9 August 2004 in Ajaccio, Corsica, France. Career Taton was an early participant in Alexandre Koyré's Centre de Recherches en Histoire des Sciences et des Tech ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jacques Frédéric Français
Jacques Frédéric Français (20 June 1775 – 9 March 1833) was a French engineer and mathematician. Biography Born on 20 June 1775, Jacques Frédéric Français was the son of a grocer of Saverne. He attended the Royal College of Strasbourg and enrolled voluntarily in the Army of the Rhine in 1793. In September 1794 he was transferred to the military engineering corps. Admitted to the École Polytechnique in the autumn of 1797, he moved in the spring of 1798 to the École du Génie de Metz and graduated with the brevet of first lieutenant. It was at this time that he wrote about the integration of differential equations. In January 1801 he took part in the Egyptian Campaign of the French Army. On his return in 1801 he was assigned to the port of Toulon. Named captain of the sappers in December 1801, he became second in command of the headquarters of the corps of engineers in November 1802. Under the orders of Admiral Pierre-Charles de Villeneuve, he took part in the naval b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean-Baptiste Biot
Jean-Baptiste Biot (; ; 21 April 1774 – 3 February 1862) was a French people, French physicist, astronomer, and mathematician who co-discovered the Biot–Savart law of magnetostatics with Félix Savart, established the reality of meteorites, made an early balloon flight, and studied the polarization (waves), polarization of light. The Biot (unit), biot (a CGS unit of electrical current), the mineral biotite, and Cape Biot in eastern Greenland were named in his honour. Biography Jean-Baptiste Biot was born in Paris on 21 April 1774 the son of Joseph Biot, a treasury official. He was educated at Lyceum Louis-le-Grand and École Polytechnique in 1794. Biot served in the artillery before he was appointed professor of mathematics at Beauvais in 1797. He later went on to become a professor of physics at the Collège de France around 1800, and three years later was elected as a member of the French Academy of Sciences. In July 1804, Biot joined Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac for the first ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joseph-Louis Lagrange
Joseph-Louis Lagrange (born Giuseppe Luigi LagrangiaJoseph-Louis Lagrange, comte de l’Empire ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' or Giuseppe Ludovico De la Grange Tournier; 25 January 1736 – 10 April 1813), also reported as Giuseppe Luigi Lagrange or Lagrangia, was an Italian and naturalized French mathematician, physicist and astronomer. He made significant contributions to the fields of mathematical analysis, analysis, number theory, and both classical mechanics, classical and celestial mechanics. In 1766, on the recommendation of Leonhard Euler and Jean le Rond d'Alembert, d'Alembert, Lagrange succeeded Euler as the director of mathematics at the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin, Prussia, where he stayed for over twenty y ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adrien-Marie Legendre
Adrien-Marie Legendre (; ; 18 September 1752 – 9 January 1833) was a French people, French mathematician who made numerous contributions to mathematics. Well-known and important concepts such as the Legendre polynomials and Legendre transformation are named after him. He is also known for his contributions to the Least squares, method of least squares, and was the first to officially publish on it, though Carl Friedrich Gauss had discovered it before him. Life Adrien-Marie Legendre was born in Paris on 18 September 1752 to a wealthy family. He received his education at the Collège Mazarin in Paris, and defended his thesis in physics and mathematics in 1770. He taught at the École Militaire in Paris from 1775 to 1780 and at the École Normale Supérieure, École Normale from 1795. At the same time, he was associated with the Bureau des Longitudes. In 1782, the Prussian Academy of Sciences, Berlin Academy awarded Legendre a prize for his treatise on projectiles in resistant m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
