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Fontanel
A fontanelle (or fontanel) (colloquially, soft spot) is an human body, anatomical feature of the infant human skull comprising soft Membrane, membranous gaps (suture (joint), sutures) between the cranial bones that make up the calvaria (skull), calvaria of a fetus or an infant. Fontanelles allow for stretching and deformation of the neurocranium both during birth and later as the brain expands faster than the surrounding bone can grow. Premature complete ossification of the sutures is called craniosynostosis. After infancy, the anterior fontanelle is known as the bregma. Structure An infant's skull consists of five main bones: two frontal bones, two parietal bones, and one occipital bone. These are joined by fibrous sutures of skull, sutures, which allow movement that facilitates childbirth and Human brain, brain cell growth, growth. * Posterior fontanelle is triangle-shaped. It lies at the junction between the sagittal suture and lambdoid suture. At birth, the skull features a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Craniosynostosis
Craniosynostosis is a condition in which one or more of the fibrous sutures in a young infant's skull prematurely fuses by turning into bone (ossification), thereby changing the growth pattern of the skull. Because the skull cannot expand perpendicular to the fused suture, it compensates by growing more in the direction parallel to the closed sutures. Sometimes the resulting growth pattern provides the necessary space for the growing brain, but results in an abnormal head shape and abnormal facial features. In cases in which the compensation does not effectively provide enough space for the growing brain, craniosynostosis results in increased intracranial pressure leading possibly to visual impairment, sleeping impairment, eating difficulties, or an impairment of mental development combined with a significant reduction in IQ. Craniosynostosis occurs in one in 2000 births. Craniosynostosis is part of a syndrome in 15% to 40% of affected patients, but it usually occurs as an isol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anterior Fontanelle
The anterior fontanelle (bregmatic fontanelle, frontal fontanelle) is the largest fontanelle, and is placed at the junction of the sagittal suture, coronal suture, and frontal suture; it is lozenge-shaped, and measures about 4 cm in its antero-posterior and 2.5 cm in its transverse diameter. The fontanelle allows the skull to deform during birth to ease its passage through the birth canal and for expansion of the brain after birth. The anterior fontanelle typically closes between the ages of 12 and 18 months. Clinical significance The anterior fontanelle is useful clinically. Examination of an infant includes palpating the anterior fontanelle. A sunken fontanelle indicates dehydration whereas a very tense or bulging anterior fontanelle indicates raised intracranial pressure Intracranial pressure (ICP) is the pressure exerted by fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inside the skull and on the brain tissue. ICP is measured in millimeters of mercury ( mmHg) and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Human Body
The human body is the entire structure of a Human, human being. It is composed of many different types of Cell (biology), cells that together create Tissue (biology), tissues and subsequently Organ (biology), organs and then Organ system, organ systems. The external human body consists of a human head, head, hair, neck, torso (which includes the thorax and abdomen), Sex organ, genitals, arms, Hand, hands, human leg, legs, and Foot, feet. The internal human body includes organs, Human tooth, teeth, bones, muscle, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels and blood, lymphatic vessels and lymph. The study of the human body includes anatomy, physiology, histology and embryology. The body Anatomical variation, varies anatomically in known ways. Physiology focuses on the systems and organs of the human body and their functions. Many systems and mechanisms interact in order to maintain homeostasis, with safe levels of substances such as sugar, iron, and oxygen in the blood. The body is st ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Human Brain
The human brain is the central organ (anatomy), organ of the nervous system, and with the spinal cord, comprises the central nervous system. It consists of the cerebrum, the brainstem and the cerebellum. The brain controls most of the activities of the human body, body, processing, integrating, and coordinating the information it receives from the sensory nervous system. The brain integrates sensory information and coordinates instructions sent to the rest of the body. The cerebrum, the largest part of the human brain, consists of two cerebral hemispheres. Each hemisphere has an inner core composed of white matter, and an outer surface – the cerebral cortex – composed of grey matter. The cortex has an outer layer, the neocortex, and an inner allocortex. The neocortex is made up of six Cerebral cortex#Layers of neocortex, neuronal layers, while the allocortex has three or four. Each hemisphere is divided into four lobes of the brain, lobes – the frontal lobe, frontal, pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pulsating Fontanelle
A pulse, in physiology, is the throbbing of arteries resulting from heartbeat. Pulse, The Pulse or Pulses may also refer to: Botany * Pulse (legume), any agriculturally significant annual leguminous food crop, such as peas, beans, lentils, and chickpeas Electronics and physics * Pulse (physics), a single disturbance through a transmission medium * Pulse (signal processing), a brief change from a baseline value ** Pulse dialing, of a telephone Books and publications * ''Pulse'' (magazine), a medical professional's magazine * ''Pulse!'' (magazine), a music magazine * Pulse (Augustus), a character in the Marvel Comics universe * ''Pulse'' (short story collection), a short story collection by Julian Barnes * ''Pulse'', a book by Robert Frenay * The Pulse, the signal transmitted from cell phones that made people go crazy in Stephen King's novel ''Cell'' * ''The Pulse'' (comics), a Marvel Comics series * ''Pulse'' (webtoon), a Lezhin Comics series Film, television and games F ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sphenoidal Fontanelle
The pterion is the region where the frontal bone, frontal, parietal bone, parietal, temporal bone, temporal, and sphenoid bone, sphenoid bones join. It is located on the side of the skull, just behind the temple (anatomy), temple. It is also considered to be the weakest part of the skull, which makes it clinically significant, as if there is a Bone fracture, fracture around the pterion it could be accompanied by an epidural hematoma. Structure The pterion is located in the temporal fossa, approximately 2.6 cm behind and 1.3 cm above the posterolateral margin of the frontozygomatic suture. It is the junction between four bones: * the parietal bone. * the Squamous part of temporal bone, squamous part of temporal bone. * the Greater wing of sphenoid bone, greater wing of sphenoid bone. * the frontal bone. These bones are typically joined by five cranial sutures: * the sphenoparietal suture joins the sphenoid and parietal bones. * the coronal suture joins the frontal bo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mastoid Fontanelle
The asterion is a meeting point between three sutures between bones of the skull. It is an important surgical landmark. Structure In human anatomy, the asterion is a visible ( craniometric) point on the exposed skull. It is just posterior to the ear. It is the point where three cranial sutures meet: * the lambdoid suture. * parietomastoid suture. * occipitomastoid suture. It is also the point where three cranial bones meet: * the parietal bone. * the occipital bone. * the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. In the adult, it lies 4 cm behind and 12 mm above the center of the entrance to the ear canal. Its relation to other anatomical structures is fairly variable. Clinical significance Neurosurgeons may use the asterion to orient themselves, in order to plan safe entry into the skull for some operations, such as when using a retro-sigmoid approach. The asterion marks the junction of the transverse and the sigmoid sinuses Etymology The asterion receives its name from th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cleidocranial Dysostosis
Cleidocranial dysostosis (CCD), also called cleidocranial dysplasia, is a congenital disorder, birth defect that mostly affects the bones and teeth. The collarbones are typically either poorly developed or absent, which allows the shoulders to be brought close together. The front of the skull often does not close until later, and those affected are often shorter than average. Other symptoms may include a prominent forehead, wide set eyes, abnormal teeth, and a flat nose. Symptoms vary among people; however, cognitive function is typically unaffected. The condition is either heredity, inherited or occurs as a new mutation. It is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. It is due to a defect in the RUNX2 gene which is involved in bone formation. Diagnosis is suspected based on symptoms and X-rays with confirmation by genetic testing. Other conditions that can produce similar symptoms include mandibuloacral dysplasia, pyknodysostosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, and Hajdu-Cheney synd ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coronal Suture
The coronal suture is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint that separates the two parietal bones from the frontal bone of the skull. Structure The coronal suture lies between the paired parietal bones and the frontal bone of the skull. It runs from the pterion on each side. Nerve supply The coronal suture is likely supplied by a branch of the trigeminal nerve. Development The coronal suture is derived from the paraxial mesoderm. Clinical significance If certain bones of the skull grow too fast then premature fusion of the sutures, craniosynostosis, may occur. This can result in skull deformities. These deformities include: * Brachycephaly (both sides) * Plagiocephaly (one side only) * Oxycephaly (both sides) References * "Sagittal suture." ''Stedman's Medical Dictionary, 27th ed.'' (2000). * Moore, Keith L., and T.V.N. Persaud. ''The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology, 7th ed.'' (2003). Additional images File:Coronal suture - ani ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lambda (anatomy)
The lambda is the meeting point of the sagittal suture and the lambdoid suture. This is also the point of the occipital angle. It is named after the Greek letter lambda. Structure The lambda is the meeting point of the sagittal suture and the lambdoid suture. It may be the exact midpoint of the lambdoid suture, but often deviates slightly from the midline. This is also the point of the occipital angle. Development In the foetus, the lambda is membranous, and is called the posterior fontanelle. Etymology The lambda is named after the Greek letter lambda Lambda (; uppercase , lowercase ; , ''lám(b)da'') is the eleventh letter of the Greek alphabet, representing the voiced alveolar lateral approximant . In the system of Greek numerals, lambda has a value of 30. Lambda is derived from the Phoen ..., whose lowercase form (λ) resembles the junction formed by the sutures. References External links * Skull {{musculoskeletal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biological Membrane
A biological membrane, biomembrane or cell membrane is a selectively permeable membrane that separates the interior of a cell from the external environment or creates intracellular compartments by serving as a boundary between one part of the cell and another. Biological membranes, in the form of eukaryotic cell membranes, consist of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded, integral and peripheral proteins used in communication and transportation of chemicals and ions. The bulk of lipids in a cell membrane provides a fluid matrix for proteins to rotate and laterally diffuse for physiological functioning. Proteins are adapted to high membrane fluidity environment of the lipid bilayer with the presence of an annular lipid shell, consisting of lipid molecules bound tightly to the surface of integral membrane proteins. The cell membranes are different from the isolating tissues formed by layers of cells, such as mucous membranes, basement membranes, and serous membranes. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
