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Fabrication (science)
In scientific inquiry and academic research, data fabrication is the intentional misrepresentation of research results. As with other forms of scientific misconduct, it is the intent to deceive that marks fabrication as unethical, and thus different from scientists deceiving themselves. There are many ways data can be fabricated. Experimental data can be fabricated by reporting experiments that were never conducted, and accurate data can be manipulated or misrepresented to suit a desired outcome. One of the biggest problems with this form of scientific fraud is that "university investigations into research misconduct are often inadequate, opaque and poorly conducted. They challenge the idea that institutions can police themselves on research integrity." Sometimes intentional fabrication can be difficult to distinguish from unintentional academic incompetence or malpractice. Examples of this include the failure to account for measurement error, or the failure to adequately control ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Science
Science is a systematic discipline that builds and organises knowledge in the form of testable hypotheses and predictions about the universe. Modern science is typically divided into twoor threemajor branches: the natural sciences, which study the physical world, and the social sciences, which study individuals and societies. While referred to as the formal sciences, the study of logic, mathematics, and theoretical computer science are typically regarded as separate because they rely on deductive reasoning instead of the scientific method as their main methodology. Meanwhile, applied sciences are disciplines that use scientific knowledge for practical purposes, such as engineering and medicine. The history of science spans the majority of the historical record, with the earliest identifiable predecessors to modern science dating to the Bronze Age in Ancient Egypt, Egypt and Mesopotamia (). Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped the Gree ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Margaret Mead
Margaret Mead (December 16, 1901 – November 15, 1978) was an American cultural anthropologist, author and speaker, who appeared frequently in the mass media during the 1960s and the 1970s. She earned her bachelor's degree at Barnard College of Columbia University and her M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Columbia. Mead served as president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1975. Mead was a communicator of anthropology in modern American and Western culture and was often controversial as an academic. Her reports detailing the attitudes towards sex in South Pacific and Southeast Asian traditional cultures influenced the 1960s sexual revolution. She was a proponent of broadening sexual conventions within the context of Western cultural traditions. Early life and education Margaret Mead, the first of five children, was born in Philadelphia but raised in nearby Doylestown, Pennsylvania. Her father, Edward Sherwood Mead, was a professor of finance at th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dishonesty
Dishonesty is acting without honesty. The term describes acts which are meant to deceive, cheat, or mislead. Dishonesty is a basic feature of most offences defined in criminal law, such as fraud, which relates to the illicit acquisition, conversion, or disposal of property, tangible or intangible. English law Dishonesty has had a number of definitions. For many years, there were two views of what constituted dishonesty in English law. The first contention was that the definitions of dishonesty (such as those within the Theft Act 1968) described a course of action, whereas the second contention was that the definition described a state of mind. A clear test within the criminal law emerged from ''R v Ghosh'' (1982) 75 CR App. R. 154. The Court of Appeal of England and Wales, Court of Appeal held that dishonesty is an element of ''mens rea'', clearly referring to a state of mind, and that overall, the test that must be applied is hybrid, but with a subjective bias which "looks into ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Francesca Gino
Francesca Gino (born April 18, 1978) is an Italian Americans, Italian behavioral scientist who formerly served as Tandon Family Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School (HBS), with her research focusing on "honesty and ethical behavior". After an investigation by Harvard concluded that she had Scientific misconduct, falsified data in her research, she faced disciplinary actions. In June 2023, she was put on unpaid administrative leave from her position as a tenured professor at Harvard Business School, stripped of her title, and removed from her post as the head of the Unit of Negotiation, Organizations and Markets (NOM) at Harvard Business School. Harvard revoked her tenure and fired her in May 2025. Early life and education She was raised in Tione di Trento, Italy. She received a bachelor's degree from the University of Trento in Trento, Italy, in 2001, and then a master's degree and a doctorate from Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies in Pisa, Italy, in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dan Ariely
Dan Ariely (; born April 29, 1967) is an Israeli-American professor and author. He serves as a James B. Duke Professor of psychology and behavioral economics at Duke University. He is the co-founder of several companies implementing insights from behavioral science. Ariely wrote an advice column called "Ask Ariely" in ''The Wall Street Journal'' from June 2012 until September 2022. He is the author of the three ''New York Times'' best selling books '' Predictably Irrational'', '' The Upside of Irrationality'', and '' The Honest Truth about Dishonesty''. He co-produced the 2015 documentary '' (Dis)Honesty: The Truth About Lies''. In 2021, a paper with Ariely as the fourth author was discovered to be based on falsified data and was subsequently retracted. In 2024, Duke completed a three-year confidential investigation and according to Ariely concluded that "data from the honesty-pledge paper had been falsified but found no evidence that Ariely used fake data knowingly". Ariely' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Retractions In Academic Publishing
In academic publishing, a retraction is a mechanism by which a published paper in an academic journal is flagged for being seriously flawed to the extent that their results and conclusions can no longer be relied upon. Retracted articles are not removed from the published literature but marked as retracted. In some cases it may be necessary to remove an article from publication, such as when the article is clearly defamatory, violates personal privacy, is the subject of a court order, or might pose a serious health risk to the general public. Although the majority of retractions are linked to scientific misconduct, they are often cited as evidence of the self-correcting nature of science. However, some scholars argue this view is misleading, describing it as a myth. Procedure A retraction may be initiated by the editors of a journal, or by the author(s) of the papers (or their institution). Retractions are typically accompanied by a retraction notice written by the editors ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Research Paper Mill
In research, a paper mill is a business that publishes poor or fake journal papers that seem to resemble genuine research, as well as sells authorship. In some cases, paper mills are sophisticated operations that sell authorship positions on legitimate research, but in many cases the papers contain fraudulent data and can be heavily plagiarized or otherwise unprofessional. According to a report from ''Nature'', thousands of papers in academic journals have been traced to paper mills from China, Iran and Russia, and some journals are revamping their review processes." Chinese researchers have been identified as particularly prevalent customers of paper mill services. Differing estimates put the share of paper mill productions between 2% and 20% of published academic papers, with particularly severe problems in some areas of biomedicine. The apparent prevalence of paper mills in China has been attributed to the heightened "publish or perish" pressure placed on academics and other s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Research Integrity Risk Index
Research Integrity Risk Index (RI²) is a bibliometric-based risk indicator developed by Lokman Meho, an information scientist at the American University of Beirut to assess research integrity vulnerabilities in global academic institutions. It evaluates universities based on the rate of scientific retraction, retracted articles and the proportion of publications in delisted journals, offering an alternative to conventional research rankings. Background Traditional global university rankings tend to prioritize output and citation metrics. The RI² index offers a complementary lens focused on research reliability and ethical publishing practices. It was created to highlight patterns of publication misconduct or structural weaknesses in institutional oversight.Meho, L. I. (2025). "Gaming the Metrics? Bibliometric Anomalies and the Integrity Crisis in Global Research." arXiv:2505.06448. Methodology The RI² score is computed using two indicators: # Retraction Risk: Number of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Junk Science
Junk science is spurious or fraudulent scientific data, research, or analysis. The concept is often invoked in political and legal contexts where facts and scientific results have a great amount of weight in making a determination. It usually conveys a pejorative connotation that the research has been untowardly driven by political, ideological, financial, or otherwise unscientific motives. The concept was popularized in the 1990s in relation to expert testimony in civil litigation. More recently, invoking the concept has been a tactic to criticize research on the harmful environmental or public health effects of corporate activities, and occasionally in response to such criticism. In some contexts, junk science is counterposed to the "sound science" or "solid science" that favors one's own point of view. Junk science has been criticized for undermining public trust in real science. Junk science is not the same as pseudoscience. Definition Junk science has been defined as: * " ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cyril Burt
Sir Cyril Lodowic Burt, Fellow of the British Academy, FBA (3 March 1883 – 10 October 1971) was an English educational psychology, educational psychologist and geneticist who also made contributions to statistics. He is known for his studies on the heritability of IQ. Shortly after he died, his studies of inheritance of intelligence were discredited after evidence emerged indicating he had scientific misconduct, falsified research data, inventing correlations in separated twins which did not exist, alongside other fabrications. Childhood and education Burt was born on 3 March 1883, the first child of Cyril Cecil Barrow Burt (b. 1857), a medical practitioner, and his wife, Martha Decina Evans. He was born in London (some sources give his place of birth as Stratford-upon-Avon, probably because his entry in ''Who's Who (UK), Who's Who'' gave his father's address as Snitterfield, Stratford; in fact the Burt family moved to Snitterfield when he was ten). Burt's father initially ke ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Derek Freeman
John Derek Freeman (15 August 1916 – 6 July 2001) was a New Zealand anthropologist knownTuzin, page 1013. for his criticism of Margaret Mead's work on Samoan society, as described in her 1928 ethnography '' Coming of Age in Samoa''. His attack "ignited controversy of a scale, visibility, and ferocity never before seen in anthropology." Freeman initially became interested in Boasian cultural anthropology while an undergraduate in Wellington, and later went to live and work as a teacher in Samoa. After entering the New Zealand Naval Reserve in World War II, he did graduate training with British social anthropologists Meyer Fortes and Raymond Firth at London School of Economics. He did two and a half years of fieldwork in Borneo studying the Iban people. His 1953 doctoral dissertation described the relations between Iban agriculture and kinship practices. Returning to Borneo in 1961 he suffered a nervous breakdown induced by an intense rivalry with ethnologist and explorer T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Order Of Canada
The Order of Canada () is a Canadian state order, national order and the second-highest Award, honour for merit in the system of orders, decorations, and medals of Canada, after the Order of Merit. To coincide with the Canadian Centennial, centennial of Canadian Confederation, the three-tiered order was established in 1967 as a fellowship recognizing the outstanding merit or distinguished service of Canadians who make a major difference to Canada through lifelong contributions in every field of endeavour, as well as efforts by non-Canadians who have made the world better by their actions. Membership is accorded to those who exemplify the order's Latin motto, , meaning "they desire a better country", a phrase taken from Hebrews 11:16. The three tiers of the order are Companion, Officer and Member. Specific people may be given extraordinary membership and deserving non-Canadians may receive honorary appointment into each grade. , the reigning Canadian monarch, is the order's sov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
