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Esimene Eesti Põlevkivitööstus
Esimene Eesti Põlevkivitööstus (literally: First Estonian Oil Shale Industry) was an oil shale company located in Kohtla-Järve, Estonia. It was a predecessor of Viru Keemia Grupp, a shale oil extraction company. On 24 November 1918, the company was established as Riigi Põlevkivitööstus (), a department of the Ministry for Trade and Industry. It took over all existing open-pit mines. Holmberg (2008), pp. 85–86 New underground mines were opened at Kukruse and Käva in 1920 and 1924 respectively. In 1921 it was the company to start shale oil production in Estonia. It built 14 experimental oil shale processing retorts in Kohtla-Järve. Ots (2004), pp. 15–16 These vertical retorts used the method developed by Julius Pintsch AG that would later evolve into the current Kiviter processing technology. Each retort processed 40 tonnes of oil shale per day and produced an oil yield of 18%. Along with the shale oil extraction plant, an oil shale research laborator ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Government-owned Corporation
A state-owned enterprise (SOE) is a business entity created or owned by a national or local government, either through an executive order or legislation. SOEs aim to generate profit for the government, prevent private sector monopolies, provide goods at lower prices, implement government policies, or serve remote areas where private businesses are scarce. The government typically holds full or majority ownership and oversees operations. SOEs have a distinct legal structure, with financial and developmental goals, like making services more accessible while earning profit (such as a state railway). They can be considered as government-affiliated entities designed to meet commercial and state capitalist objectives. Terminology The terminology around the term state-owned enterprise is murky. All three words in the term are challenged and subject to interpretation. First, it is debatable what the term "state" implies (e.g., it is unclear whether municipally owned corporations and ente ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1918 Establishments In Estonia
The ceasefire that effectively ended the World War I, First World War took place on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month of this year. Also in this year, the Spanish flu pandemic killed 50–100 million people worldwide. In Russia, this year runs with only 352 days. As the result of Julian to Gregorian calendar switch, 13 days needed to be skipped. Wednesday, January 31 ''(Julian Calendar)'' was immediately followed by Thursday, February 14 ''(Gregorian Calendar)''. Events World War I will be abbreviated as "WWI" January * January – 1918 flu pandemic: The "Spanish flu" (influenza) is first observed in Haskell County, Kansas. * January 4 – The Finnish Declaration of Independence is recognized by Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Soviet Russia, Sweden, German Empire, Germany and France. * January 8 – American president Woodrow Wilson presents the Fourteen Points as a basis for peace negotiations to end the war. * January 9 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Oil And Gas Companies
National may refer to: Common uses * Nation or country ** Nationality – a ''national'' is a person who is subject to a nation, regardless of whether the person has full rights as a citizen Places in the United States * National, Maryland, census-designated place * National, Nevada, ghost town * National, Utah, ghost town * National, West Virginia, unincorporated community Commerce * National (brand), a brand name of electronic goods from Panasonic * National Benzole (or simply known as National), former petrol station chain in the UK, merged with BP * National Book Store, a bookstore and office supplies chain in the Philippines * National Car Rental, an American rental car company * National Energy Systems, a former name of Eco Marine Power * National Entertainment Commission, a former name of the Media Rating Council * National Motor Vehicle Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA 1900–1924 * National Radio Company, Malden, Massachusetts, USA 1914–1991 * National ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Synthetic Fuel Companies
Synthetic may refer to: Science * Synthetic biology * Synthetic chemical or compound, produced by the process of chemical synthesis * Synthetic elements, chemical elements that are not naturally found on Earth and therefore have to be created in experiments * Synthetic organic compounds synthetic chemical compounds based on carbon (organic compounds). * Synthetic peptide * Synthetic population * Synthetic population (biology) Industry * Synthetic fuel * Synthetic oil * Synthetic marijuana * Synthetic diamond * Synthetic fibers, cloth or other material made from other substances than natural (animal, plant) materials Other * Synthetic position, a concept in finance * Synthetic-aperture radar, a type or radar * Analytic–synthetic distinction, in philosophy * Synthetic language in linguistics, inflected or agglutinative languages * Synthetic intelligence a term emphasizing that true intelligence expressed by computing machines is not an imitation or "artificial." * Synthetic or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oil Shale Companies Of Estonia
An oil is any nonpolar chemical substance that is composed primarily of hydrocarbons and is hydrophobic (does not mix with water) and lipophilic (mixes with other oils). Oils are usually flammable and surface active. Most oils are unsaturated lipids that are liquid at room temperature. The general definition of oil includes classes of chemical compounds that may be otherwise unrelated in structure, properties, and uses. Oils may be animal, vegetable, or petrochemical in origin, and may be volatile or non-volatile. They are used for food (e.g., olive oil), fuel (e.g., heating oil), medical purposes (e.g., mineral oil), lubrication (e.g. motor oil), and the manufacture of many types of paints, plastics, and other materials. Specially prepared oils are used in some religious ceremonies and rituals as purifying agents. Etymology First attested in English 1176, the word ''oil'' comes from Old French ''oile'', from -4; we might wonder whether there's a point at which it's appro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eesti Energia
Eesti Energia AS is a public limited energy company in Estonia with its headquarters in Tallinn. It is the world's biggest oil shale to energy company. The company was founded in 1939. As of 2014, it operates in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, Jordan and Utah, United States. In Estonia, the company operates under the name Eesti Energia, while using the brand name Enefit for international operations. The main raw material for energy production – oil shale – is extracted from mines located in Eastern Estonia and owned by the company. The group of Eesti Energia has three main operation areas: electricity generation, shale oil production, and sale and distribution of electricity. Its shares are owned by the Government of Estonia. History Eesti Energia was founded in 1939. In 1998, it was reorganized from the state enterprise to a private limited company. In 1998–1999, two distribution companies (''Läänemaa Eletrivõrk'' and ''Narva Elektrivõrk'') were separated f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Linköping University
Linköping University (LiU; ) is a public university, public research university based in Linköping, Sweden. Originally established in 1969, it was granted full university status in 1975 and is one of Sweden's largest academic institutions. The university has four campuses across three cities: Campus Valla and Campus US in Linköping, Campus Norrköping in Norrköping and Campus Lidingö in Stockholm. It is organized into four faculties: Arts and Sciences; Medicine and Health Sciences; Science and Engineering (also referred to as the Linköping Institute of Technology, Institute of Technology); and Educational Sciences. To facilitate interdisciplinary work, there are 12 large departments combining knowledge from several disciplines and often belonging under more than one faculty. In 2021 the university had 35,900 students and 4,300 employees. Linköping University emphasizes dialogue with the surrounding business sphere and the community at large, both in terms of research and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oil Shale In Estonia
There are two kinds of oil shale in Estonia, both of which are sedimentary rocks laid down during the Ordovician geologic period. Graptolitic argillite is the larger oil shale resource, but, because its organic matter content is relatively low, it is not used industrially. The other is kukersite, which has been mining, mined for more than a hundred years. Kukersite Deposit (geology), deposits in Estonia account for 1% of oil shale reserves, global oil shale deposits. Oil shale (; literally 'burning rock') has been defined as a strategic energy resource in Estonia and the oil shale industry in Estonia is one of the most developed in the world.#iea, IEA (2013), p. 20 Historically, most of mined oil shale was used for electricity generation. Of all the oil shale fired power stations in the world, the two largest are in Estonia. Although its share decreased in the decade to 2022, direct and indirect use of oil shale still generates about half of Electricity sector in Estonia, E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New Consolidated Gold Fields
New Consolidated Gold Fields Ltd Estonian Branch (commonly known as Goldfields) was an oil shale company located in Kohtla-Nõmme, Estonia. It was a subsidiary of Consolidated Gold Fields. New Consolidated Gold Fields began oil shale research and development in the late 1920s in England.#epa, EPA (1979), p. C-10 In 1930 it began construction of the shale oil extraction complex at Kohtla-Nõmme. It consisted of a shale oil extraction plant, a crushing mill, laboratory, power plant, office building and services facilities, as also housing for 30 workers, dispensary and sauna. The first plant was built in 1931. The plant was equipped with eight rotating retorts (Davidson retorts). Each of these retorts was capable of processing 15 tonnes of oil shale per day. This facility continued to operate until 1961.#ots2, Ots (2004), pp. 15–16 In 1934 the company doubled its production by building the second shale oil extraction plant. In 1934, ''Eesti Kiviõli'' and ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eestimaa Õlikonsortsium
Eestimaa Õlikonsortsium (; ) was an oil shale company located in Sillamäe, Estonia. The company was established in 1926.#holmberg, Holmberg (2008), pp. 106–107 It was a Swedish language, Swedish–Norwegian language, Norwegian consortium controlled by Wallenberg family, Marcus Wallenberg. Main shareholders were Investor AB, AB Emissionsinstitutet, and Norsk Hydro. The consortium built a tunnel oven in 1928. However, due to recession, production halted in 1930 and was not restarted until 1936, when it was reorganized as Baltic Oil Company.#holmberg, Holmberg (2008), pp. 107–108 A second tunnel oven was added in 1938.#holmberg, Holmberg (2008), p. 272 In 1936, it produced 15,000 tonnes of oil, including 2,400 tonnes of gasoline. In July 1938, Eestimaa Õlikonsortsium concluded a contract with the German ''Kriegsmarine'' to supply shale oil as a ship fuel.#holmberg, Holmberg (2008), p. 119 In 1939, it produced 36,944 tonnes of shale oil.#holmberg, Holmb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eesti Küttejõud
AS Eesti Küttejõud (also: AS Eesti Kütte-Jõud; commonly: Küttejõud; literally: Estonian Heating Power) was an oil shale company located in Küttejõu, Estonia. The Küttejõu township, now district of Kiviõli, is named after the company. Eesti Küttejõud was established in 1922 by the Union of Estonian Industrialists. It was as the first private oil shale mining company. In 1925, the Tallinn Pulp (paper), pulp factory ''Põhja paberi- ja puupapivabrik'' () acquired the company. At the same year, the Küttejõu open-pit mine was opened.#ots2, Ots (2004), pp. 15–16 Unlike other that time oil shale companies in Estonia, it did not have any shale oil extraction but only mining operations.#holmberg, Holmberg (2008), p. 105 It sold mined oil shale directly for heating fuel to the paper mill and power plants.#epa, EPA (1979), p. 4-183 In 1939, the company produced 126,238 tonnes of oil shale.#holmberg, Holmberg (2008), p. 344 After Occupation of the Baltic states, o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
