Eponymous Numbers
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Eponymous Numbers
This is a list of physical and mathematical constants named after people. Eponymous constants and their influence on scientific citations have been discussed in the literature.''Non-indexed Eponymal Citedness (NIEC): First Fact-finding Examination of a Phenomenon of Scientific Literature''
Endre Száva-Kováts. "Journal of Information Science;" (1994); 20:55 * – * Archimedes' constant (, pi) †...
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Physical Constant
A physical constant, sometimes fundamental physical constant or universal constant, is a physical quantity that cannot be explained by a theory and therefore must be measured experimentally. It is distinct from a mathematical constant, which has a fixed numerical value, but does not directly involve any physical measurement. There are many physical constants in science, some of the most widely recognized being the speed of light in vacuum ''c'', the gravitational constant ''G'', the Planck constant ''h'', the electric constant ''ε''0, and the elementary charge ''e''. Physical constants can take many dimensional forms: the speed of light signifies a maximum speed for any object and its dimension is length divided by time; while the proton-to-electron mass ratio is dimensionless. The term "fundamental physical constant" is sometimes used to refer to universal-but-dimensioned physical constants such as those mentioned above. Increasingly, however, physicists reserve the expressi ...
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Ludwig Boltzmann
Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann ( ; ; 20 February 1844 – 5 September 1906) was an Austrian mathematician and Theoretical physics, theoretical physicist. His greatest achievements were the development of statistical mechanics and the statistical explanation of the second law of thermodynamics. In 1877 he provided the current definition of entropy, S = k_ \ln \Omega, where Ω is the number of microstates whose energy equals the system's energy, interpreted as a measure of the statistical disorder of a system. Max Planck named the constant the Boltzmann constant. Statistical mechanics is one of the pillars of modern physics. It describes how macroscopic observations (such as temperature and pressure) are related to microscopic parameters that fluctuate around an average. It connects thermodynamic quantities (such as heat capacity) to microscopic behavior, whereas, in classical thermodynamics, the only available option would be to measure and tabulate such quantities for various mat ...
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Eddington Number
In astrophysics, the Eddington number, , is the number of protons in the observable universe. Eddington originally calculated it as about ; current estimates make it approximately . The term is named for British astrophysicist Arthur Eddington, who in 1940 was the first to propose a value of and to explain why this number might be important for physical cosmology and the foundations of physics. History Eddington argued that the value of the fine-structure constant, ''α'', could be obtained by pure deduction. He related ''α'' to the Eddington number, which was his estimate of the number of protons in the universe. This led him in 1929 to conjecture that ''α'' was exactly 1/136. He devised a "proof" that , or about . Other physicists did not adopt this conjecture and did not accept his argument. It even led to a major journal publishing a joke article making fun of the idea. During a course of lectures that he delivered in 1938 as Tarner Lecturer at Trinity College, Camb ...
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Peter Borwein
Peter Benjamin Borwein (born St. Andrews, Scotland, May 10, 1953 – 23 August 2020) was a Canadian mathematician and a professor at Simon Fraser University. He is known as a co-author of the paper which presented the Bailey–Borwein–Plouffe algorithm (discovered by Simon Plouffe) for computing Ï€. First interest in mathematics Borwein was born into a Jewish family. He became interested in number theory and classical analysis during his second year of university. He had not previously been interested in math, although his father was the head of the University of Western Ontario's mathematics department and his mother is associate dean of medicine there. Borwein and his two siblings majored in mathematics. Academic career After completing a Bachelor of Science in Honours Math at the University of Western Ontario in 1974, he went on to complete an MSc and Ph.D. at the University of British Columbia. He joined the Department of Mathematics at Dalhousie University. Wh ...
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Paul Erdős
Paul Erdős ( ; 26March 191320September 1996) was a Hungarian mathematician. He was one of the most prolific mathematicians and producers of mathematical conjectures of the 20th century. pursued and proposed problems in discrete mathematics, graph theory, number theory, mathematical analysis, approximation theory, set theory, and probability theory. Much of his work centered on discrete mathematics, cracking many previously unsolved problems in the field. He championed and contributed to Ramsey theory, which studies the conditions in which order necessarily appears. Overall, his work leaned towards solving previously open problems, rather than developing or exploring new areas of mathematics. Erdős published around 1,500 mathematical papers during his lifetime, a figure that remains unsurpassed. He was known both for his social practice of mathematics, working with more than 500 collaborators, and for his eccentric lifestyle; ''Time'' magazine called him "The Oddball's Oddba ...
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Copeland–Erdős Constant
The Copeland–ErdÅ‘s constant is the concatenation of "0." with the base 10 representations of the prime numbers in order. Its value, using the modern definition of prime, is approximately :0.235711131719232931374143... . The constant is irrational; this can be proven with Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions or Bertrand's postulate (Hardy and Wright, p. 113) or Ramare's theorem that every even integer is a sum of at most six primes. It also follows directly from its normality (see below). By a similar argument, any constant created by concatenating "0." with all primes in an arithmetic progression ''dn'' + ''a'', where ''a'' is coprime to ''d'' and to 10, will be irrational; for example, primes of the form 4''n'' + 1 or 8''n'' + 1. By Dirichlet's theorem, the arithmetic progression ''dn'' Â· 10''m'' + ''a'' contains primes for all ''m'', and those primes are also in ''cd'' + ''a'', so the concatenated primes co ...
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Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (; 19 October 1910 – 21 August 1995) was an Indian Americans, Indian-American theoretical physicist who made significant contributions to the scientific knowledge about the structure of stars, stellar evolution and black holes. He was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics along with William Alfred Fowler, William A. Fowler for theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars. His mathematical treatment of stellar evolution yielded many of the current theoretical models of the later evolutionary stages of massive stars and black holes. Many concepts, institutions and inventions, including the Chandrasekhar limit and the Chandra X-ray Observatory, Chandra X-Ray Observatory, are named after him. Chandrasekhar worked on a wide variety of problems in physics during his lifetime, contributing to the contemporary understanding of stellar structure, white dwarfs, stellar dynamics, stochastic process, r ...
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Chandrasekhar Limit
The Chandrasekhar limit () is the maximum mass of a stable white dwarf star. The currently accepted value of the Chandrasekhar limit is about (). The limit was named after Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. White dwarfs resist gravitational collapse primarily through electron degeneracy pressure, compared to main sequence stars, which resist collapse through thermal pressure. The Chandrasekhar limit is the mass above which electron degeneracy pressure in the star's core is insufficient to balance the star's own gravitational self-attraction.Sean Carroll, Ph.D., Caltech, 2007, The Teaching Company, ''Dark Matter, Dark Energy: The Dark Side of the Universe'', Guidebook Part 2 page 44, Accessed Oct. 7, 2013, "...Chandrasekhar limit: The maximum mass of a white dwarf star, about 1.4 times the mass of the Sun. Above this mass, the gravitational pull becomes too much, and the star collapses to a neutron star or black hole..." Physics Normal stars fuse gravitationally compressed hydrogen in ...
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Champernowne Constant
In mathematics, the Champernowne constant is a transcendental real constant whose decimal expansion has important properties. It is named after economist and mathematician D. G. Champernowne, who published it as an undergraduate in 1933. The number is defined by concatenating the base-10 representations of the positive integers: : . Champernowne constants can also be constructed in other bases similarly; for example, : and :. The Champernowne word or Barbier word is the sequence of digits of ''C''10 obtained by writing it in base 10 and juxtaposing the digits: : More generally, a ''Champernowne sequence'' (sometimes also called a ''Champernowne word'') is any sequence of digits obtained by concatenating all finite digit-strings (in any given base) in some recursive order. For instance, the binary Champernowne sequence in shortlex order is : where spaces (otherwise to be ignored) have been inserted just to show the strings being concatenated. Properties A real numbe ...
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Gregory Chaitin
Gregory John Chaitin ( ; born 25 June 1947) is an Argentina, Argentine-United States, American mathematician and computer scientist. Beginning in the late 1960s, Chaitin made contributions to algorithmic information theory and metamathematics, in particular a computer-theoretic result equivalent to Gödel's incompleteness theorem. He is considered to be one of the founders of what is today known as algorithmic (Solomonoff–Kolmogorov–Chaitin, Kolmogorov or program-size) Kolmogorov complexity, complexity together with Andrei Kolmogorov and Ray Solomonoff. Along with the works of e.g. Solomonoff, Kolmogorov, Per Martin-Löf, Martin-Löf, and Leonid Levin, algorithmic information theory became a foundational part of theoretical computer science, information theory, and mathematical logic. It is a common subject in several computer science curricula. Besides computer scientists, Chaitin's work draws attention of many philosophers and mathematicians to fundamental problems in mathe ...
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Chaitin's Constant
In the computer science subfield of algorithmic information theory, a Chaitin constant (Chaitin omega number) or halting probability is a real number that, informally speaking, represents the probability that a randomly constructed program will halt. These numbers are formed from a construction due to Gregory Chaitin. Although there are infinitely many halting probabilities, one for each (universal, see below) method of encoding programs, it is common to use the letter to refer to them as if there were only one. Because depends on the program encoding used, it is sometimes called Chaitin's construction when not referring to any specific encoding. Each halting probability is a normal and transcendental real number that is not computable, which means that there is no algorithm to compute its digits. Each halting probability is Martin-Löf random, meaning there is not even any algorithm which can reliably guess its digits. Background The definition of a halting probability ...
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Nicola Cabibbo
Nicola Cabibbo (10 April 1935 – 16 August 2010) was an Italian physicist best known for his work on the weak interaction, particularly his introduction of the Cabibbo angle. Interested in science from a young age, he studied physics at the Sapienza University of Rome, graduating in 1958 with a thesis completed under Bruno Touschek. Early life and education Nicola Cabibbo was born on 10 April 1935 in Rome, Italy to Silician parents; his father, Emanuele, was a lawyer and his mother was a housewife. He was interested in mathematics, physics and astronomy from an early age, and built his own radios. Despite growing up during World War II, his elementary school education ran uninterrupted, and he subsequently attended the Liceo Torquato Tasso. There, a textbook titled ''What Is Mathematics?'' sparked Cabibbo's interest in pursuing scientific studies. After the end of the war, Cabibbo also developed an interest in American literature and often frequented the library of the Unit ...
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