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Encainide Synthesis
Encainide (trade name Enkaid) is a class Ic antiarrhythmic agent. It is no longer used because of its frequent proarrhythmic side effects. Synthesis See also * Iferanserin * Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) was a double-blind, randomized, controlled study designed to test the hypothesis that suppression of premature ventricular contraction, premature ventricular complexes (PVC) with class I antiarrhythmi ... References Antiarrhythmic agents Benzanilides 4-Methoxyphenyl compounds Piperidines Sodium channel blockers Withdrawn drugs {{cardiovascular-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antiarrhythmic Agent
Antiarrhythmic agents, also known as cardiac dysrhythmia medications, are a class of drugs that are used to suppress abnormally fast rhythms (tachycardias), such as atrial fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia and ventricular tachycardia. Many attempts have been made to classify antiarrhythmic agents. Many of the antiarrhythmic agents have multiple modes of action, which makes any classification imprecise. Action potential The cardiac myocyte has two general types of action potentials: conduction system and working myocardium. The action potential is divided into 5 phases and shown in the diagram. The sharp rise in voltage ("0") corresponds to the influx of sodium ions, whereas the two decays ("1" and "3", respectively) correspond to the sodium-channel inactivation and the repolarizing efflux of potassium ions. The characteristic plateau ("2") results from the opening of voltage-sensitive calcium channels. Each phase utilizes different channels and it is useful to compar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proarrhythmic
A Pro-arrhythmic agent is a chemical, drug, or food that promotes cardiac arrhythmias. Substances Supplements Omega 3 fatty acids. Foods Chocolate, Coffee, Tea Drugs Caffeine, cocaine, beta-adrenergic agonists Encainide, Lorcainide See also *Antiarrhythmic agent *Electrophysiology study A cardiac electrophysiology study (EP test or EP study) is a Invasiveness of surgical procedures, minimally invasive procedure using catheters introduced through a vein or artery to record electrical activity from within the heart. This electric ... References {{Reflist, 1 Antiarrhythmic agents Cardiac electrophysiology Medical emergencies ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Encainide Synthesis
Encainide (trade name Enkaid) is a class Ic antiarrhythmic agent. It is no longer used because of its frequent proarrhythmic side effects. Synthesis See also * Iferanserin * Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) was a double-blind, randomized, controlled study designed to test the hypothesis that suppression of premature ventricular contraction, premature ventricular complexes (PVC) with class I antiarrhythmi ... References Antiarrhythmic agents Benzanilides 4-Methoxyphenyl compounds Piperidines Sodium channel blockers Withdrawn drugs {{cardiovascular-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iferanserin
Iferanserin (INN; VEN-309) is a drug which acts as a selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist. It is under development as an intra-rectal formulation for the treatment of hemorrhoid disease, and as of February 2012, is in phase IIb clinical trial Clinical trials are prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies on human subject research, human participants designed to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions, including new treatments (such as novel v ...s. References 5-HT2A antagonists Carboxamides Piperidines {{nervous-system-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial
The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) was a double-blind, randomized, controlled study designed to test the hypothesis that suppression of premature ventricular contraction, premature ventricular complexes (PVC) with class I antiarrhythmic agents after a myocardial infarction (MI) would reduce Mortality rate, mortality. It was conducted between 1986 and 1989 and included over 1700 patients in 27 centres. The study found that the tested drugs increased mortality instead of lowering it as was expected. The publication of these results in 1991/92, in combination with large follow-up studies for drugs that had not been tested in CAST, led to a paradigm shift in the treatment of MI patients. Class I and III antiarrhythmics are now only used with extreme caution after MI, or they are contraindicated completely. Background Study design The second Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST II) modified the enrollment criteria to include patients at higher risk for serious ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antiarrhythmic Agents
Antiarrhythmic agents, also known as cardiac dysrhythmia medications, are a class of drugs that are used to suppress abnormally fast rhythms (tachycardias), such as atrial fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia and ventricular tachycardia. Many attempts have been made to classify antiarrhythmic agents. Many of the antiarrhythmic agents have multiple modes of action, which makes any classification imprecise. Action potential The cardiac myocyte has two general types of action potentials: conduction system and working myocardium. The action potential is divided into 5 phases and shown in the diagram. The sharp rise in voltage ("0") corresponds to the influx of sodium ions, whereas the two decays ("1" and "3", respectively) correspond to the sodium-channel inactivation and the repolarizing efflux of potassium ions. The characteristic plateau ("2") results from the opening of voltage-sensitive calcium channels. Each phase utilizes different channels and it is useful to compa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Piperidines
Piperidine is an organic compound with the molecular formula (CH2)5NH. This heterocyclic compound, heterocyclic amine consists of a six-membered ring containing five methylene bridges (–CH2–) and one amine bridge (–NH–). It is a colorless liquid with an odor described as objectionable, typical of amines. The name comes from the genus name ''Piper (genus), Piper'', which is the Latin word for Black pepper, pepper. Although piperidine is a common organic compound, it is best known as a representative structure element within many pharmaceuticals and alkaloids, such as natural-occurring Solenopsin, solenopsins. Production Piperidine was first reported in 1850 by the Scottish chemist Thomas Anderson (chemist), Thomas Anderson and again, independently, in 1852 by the French chemist Auguste André Thomas Cahours, Auguste Cahours, who named it. Both of them obtained piperidine by reacting piperine with nitric acid. Industrially, piperidine is produced by the hydrogenation of p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sodium Channel Blockers
Sodium channel blockers are drugs which impair the conduction of sodium ions (Na+) through sodium channels. Extracellular The following naturally-produced substances block sodium channels by binding to and occluding the extracellular pore opening of the channel: * Alkaloids: ** Saxitoxin (STX) ** Neosaxitoxin (NSTX) ** Tetrodotoxin (TTX) Intracellular Drugs which block sodium channels by blocking from the intracellular side of the channel include: * Local anesthetics: ''lidocaine'' * Antiarrhythmic agent#Class I agents, Class I antiarrhythmic agents * Various anticonvulsants: ''phenytoin, oxcarbazepine (derivative of carbamazepine)'' Unknown mechanism * Calcium has been shown to block sodium channels which explains the effects of hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia. * Lamotrigine is known to block sodium channels but it is not known whether it is extracellular or intracellular. * Cannabidiol (CBD) has been shown to cause inhibitory effects on sodium currents. This voltage-dependent i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
