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Emmy Noether
Amalie Emmy Noether (23 March 1882 – 14 April 1935) was a German mathematician who made many important contributions to abstract algebra. She also proved Noether's theorem, Noether's first and Noether's second theorem, second theorems, which are fundamental in mathematical physics. Noether was described by Pavel Alexandrov, Albert Einstein, Jean Dieudonné, Hermann Weyl and Norbert Wiener as the most important List of women in mathematics, woman in the history of mathematics. Transcribeonlineat the MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. As one of the leading mathematicians of her time, she developed theories of ring (mathematics), rings, field (mathematics), fields, and algebras. In physics, Noether's theorem explains the connection between Symmetry (physics), symmetry and conservation laws. in . Noether was born to a Jewish family in the Franconian town of Erlangen; her father was the mathematician Max Noether. She originally planned to teach French and English after passin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Erlangen
Erlangen (; , ) is a Middle Franconian city in Bavaria, Germany. It is the seat of the administrative district Erlangen-Höchstadt (former administrative district Erlangen), and with 119,810 inhabitants (as of 30 September 2024), it is the smallest of the eight major cities () in Bavaria. The number of inhabitants exceeded the threshold of 100,000 in 1974, making Erlangen a major city according to the statistical definition officially used in Germany. Together with Nuremberg, Fürth, and Schwabach, Erlangen forms one of the three metropolises in Bavaria. With the surrounding area, these cities form the Nuremberg Metropolitan Region, European Metropolitan Region of Nuremberg, one of 11 metropolitan areas in Germany. The cities of Nuremberg, Fürth, and Erlangen also form a triangle on a map, which represents the heartland of the Nuremberg conurbation. An element of the city that goes back a long way in history, but is still noticeable, is the settlement of Huguenots after the Revo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ernst Witt
Ernst Witt (26 June 1911 – 3 July 1991) was a German mathematician, one of the leading algebraists of his time. Biography Witt was born on the island of Alsen, then a part of the German Empire. Shortly after his birth, his parents moved the family to China to work as missionaries, and he did not return to Europe until he was nine. After his schooling, Witt went to the University of Freiburg and the University of Göttingen. He joined the NSDAP (Nazi Party) and was an active party member. Witt was awarded a Ph.D. at the University of Göttingen in 1933 with a thesis titled: "Riemann-Roch theorem and zeta-Function in hypercomplexes" (Riemann-Rochscher Satz und Zeta-Funktion im Hyperkomplexen) that was supervised by Gustav Herglotz, with Emmy Noether suggesting the topic for the doctorate. He qualified to become a lecturer and gave guest lectures in Göttingen and Hamburg. He became associated with the team led by Helmut Hasse who led his habilitation. In June 1936, he gave his ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathematical Physics
Mathematical physics is the development of mathematics, mathematical methods for application to problems in physics. The ''Journal of Mathematical Physics'' defines the field as "the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the development of mathematical methods suitable for such applications and for the formulation of physical theories". An alternative definition would also include those mathematics that are inspired by physics, known as physical mathematics. Scope There are several distinct branches of mathematical physics, and these roughly correspond to particular historical parts of our world. Classical mechanics Applying the techniques of mathematical physics to classical mechanics typically involves the rigorous, abstract, and advanced reformulation of Newtonian mechanics in terms of Lagrangian mechanics and Hamiltonian mechanics (including both approaches in the presence of constraints). Both formulations are embodied in analytical mechanics and lead ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Noether's Second Theorem
In mathematics and theoretical physics, Noether's second theorem relates symmetries of an action functional with a system of differential equations. :Translated in The theorem is named after its discoverer, Emmy Noether. The action ''S'' of a physical system is an integral of a so-called Lagrangian function ''L'', from which the system's behavior can be determined by the principle of least action. Specifically, the theorem says that if the action has an infinite-dimensional Lie algebra of infinitesimal symmetries parameterized linearly by ''k'' arbitrary functions and their derivatives up to order ''m'', then the functional derivatives of ''L'' satisfy a system of ''k'' differential equations. Noether's second theorem is sometimes used in gauge theory. Gauge theories are the basic elements of all modern field theories of physics, such as the prevailing Standard Model. Mathematical formulation First variation formula Suppose that we have a dynamical system specified in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abstract Algebra
In mathematics, more specifically algebra, abstract algebra or modern algebra is the study of algebraic structures, which are set (mathematics), sets with specific operation (mathematics), operations acting on their elements. Algebraic structures include group (mathematics), groups, ring (mathematics), rings, field (mathematics), fields, module (mathematics), modules, vector spaces, lattice (order), lattices, and algebra over a field, algebras over a field. The term ''abstract algebra'' was coined in the early 20th century to distinguish it from older parts of algebra, and more specifically from elementary algebra, the use of variable (mathematics), variables to represent numbers in computation and reasoning. The abstract perspective on algebra has become so fundamental to advanced mathematics that it is simply called "algebra", while the term "abstract algebra" is seldom used except in mathematical education, pedagogy. Algebraic structures, with their associated homomorphisms, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Edge
Edge or EDGE may refer to: Technology Computing * Edge computing, a network load-balancing system * Edge device, an entry point to a computer network * Adobe Edge, a graphical development application * Microsoft Edge, a web browser developed by Microsoft * Microsoft Edge Legacy, a discontinued web browser developed by Microsoft * EdgeHTML, the layout engine used in Microsoft Edge Legacy * ThinkPad Edge, a Lenovo laptop computer series marketed from 2010 * Silhouette edge, in computer graphics, a feature of a 3D body projected onto a 2D plane * Explicit data graph execution, a computer instruction set architecture Telecommunication(s) * EDGE (telecommunication), a 2G digital cellular communications technology * Edge Wireless, an American mobile phone provider * Motorola Edge series, a series of smartphones made by Motorola * Samsung Galaxy Note Edge, a phablet made by Samsung * Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge or Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge, smartphones made by Samsung * Ubuntu Edge, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Reality Club
The Reality Club was a group of mostly New York City-based intellectuals that met regularly from 1981 through 1996 for seminars on a variety of topics. In January 1997, it reorganized as a web-based publication maintained by the Edge Foundation ( edge.org). It was founded as a salon by literary agent John Brockman. He wrote books about the philosophy of science and his clients included scientific authors such as Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett and Steven Pinker who were the basis for the gatherings. The title of ''Reality Club'' was a pun, as a theme was the nature of reality in the context of the clash between concepts such as post-structuralism and scientific realism. Attendees *Isaac AsimovRené Scheu: ( de) Edge Questions: Was die klügsten Köpfe umtreibt(Edge questions: What drives the brightest minds)'', NZZ 2.2.18 * Daniel Hillis *John Searle John Rogers Searle (; born July 31, 1932) is an American philosopher widely noted for contributions to the philosophy of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lee Smolin
Lee Smolin (; born June 6, 1955) is an American theoretical physicist, a faculty member at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, an adjunct professor of physics at the University of Waterloo, and a member of the graduate faculty of the philosophy department at the University of Toronto. Smolin's 2006 book ''The Trouble with Physics'' criticized string theory as a viable scientific theory. He has made contributions to quantum gravity theory, in particular the approach known as loop quantum gravity. He advocates that the two primary approaches to quantum gravity, loop quantum gravity and string theory, can be reconciled as different aspects of the same underlying theory. He also advocates an alternative view on space and time that he calls temporal naturalism. His research interests also include Physical cosmology, cosmology, elementary particle theory, the foundations of quantum mechanics, and theoretical biology. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rufname
Personal names in German-speaking Europe consist of one or several given names (''Vorname'', plural ''Vornamen'') and a surname (''Nachname, Familienname''). The ''Vorname'' is usually gender-specific. A name is usually cited in the " Western order" of "given name, surname". The most common exceptions are alphabetized list of surnames, e.g. " Bach, Johann Sebastian", as well as some official documents and spoken southern German dialects. In most of this, the German conventions parallel the naming conventions in most of Western and Central Europe, including English, Dutch, Italian, and French. There are some vestiges of a patronymic system as they survive in parts of Eastern Europe and Scandinavia, but these do not form part of the official name. Women traditionally adopted their husband's name upon marriage and would occasionally retain their maiden name by hyphenation, in a so-called '' Doppelname'', e.g. " Else Lasker-Schüler". Recent legislation motivated by gender equalit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emmy (given Name)
Emmy is a feminine (sometimes also masculine) given name. Orthographic variants include Emme, Emmi and Emmie. The name is in many instances a hypocoristic of either Emma (itself being in origin a hypocoristic of a number of ancient Germanic names beginning in ''Ermen-'') or Emily, or Emmanuel ( Emmanuelle). It came to be used as a separate (rare) German name, given officially in Germany from the later 19th century. As an officially given feminine name, Emmy ranked 66th in Sweden and 89th in France as of 2010. statistics cited aftebehindthename.com In France, rank 89 was reached after a steady rise in popularity during the 2000s, starting out at rank 281 in 2001. Emmy is rarely also encountered as a surname. Notable people with the name include: * Emmy Andriesse (1914–1953), Dutch photographer * Emmie Charayron (born 1990), French triathlete * Emmy Krüger (1886-1976), German operatic soprano * Emmy Loose (1914-1987), Austrian operatic soprano * Emmie te Nijenhuis ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ackermann–Teubner Memorial Award
The Alfred Ackermann–Teubner Memorial Award for the Promotion of Mathematical Sciences recognized work in mathematical analysis. It was established in 1912 by engineer Alfred Ackermann-Teubner and was an endowment of the University of Leipzig. It was awarded 14 times between 1914 and 1941. Subsequent awards were to be made every other year until a surplus of 60,000 marks was accumulated within the endowment, at which time, the prize was to be awarded annually. The subjects included: * History, philosophy, teaching * Mathematics, especially arithmetic and algebra * Mechanics * Mathematical physics * Mathematics, especially analysis * Astronomy and theory of errors * Mathematics, especially geometry * Applied mathematics, especially geodesy and geophysics. Honorees The fifteen honorees between 1914 and 1941 are: * 1914: Felix Klein * 1916: Ernst Zermelo, prize of 1,000 marks * 1918: Ludwig Prandtl * 1920: Gustav Mie * 1922: Paul Koebe * 1924: Arnold Kohlschütter * 1926: W ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Things Named After Emmy Noether
Emmy Noether (1882–1935) was a German mathematician who made many important contributions to abstract algebra. This article is dedicated to the things named after her achievements. Mathematics "Noetherian" * Noetherian * Noetherian group * Noetherian induction * Noetherian module * Noetherian ring * Noetherian scheme * Noetherian topological space Other Astronomy * The crater Nöther (crater), Nöther on the far side of the Moon is named after her. * The 7001 Noether asteroid also is named for her.Blue, JenniferGazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature United States Geological Survey, USGS. 25 July 2007. Retrieved on 13 April 2008. References Sources * * External Links * {{imdb name, 15626195, name=Chor Emmy-Noether-Gymnasium Lists of things named after mathematicians, nother ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
