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Earthscraper
An earthscraper is a building that provides multiple stories of permanent space below ground where people may live: the inverse of very tall high-rise buildings. Though humans have been building structures underground for centuries, such dwellings are generally called Earth shelters, and typically are only one or two stories deep at most. It is the number or depth of below ground stories that distinguish an earthscraper. An earthscraper might have some exposed sides, such as one built in a quarry with open exposure on some sides for lighting or ventilation purposes. Definition The term "earthscraper" was first applied to buildings that had continuously habitable space, as measured in stories, below ground, though no clear number of stories has been applied to the word. The word does not refer to, or count, the very deep foundations that are often required of skyscrapers in order to anchor and balance such tall structures—such as the Shanghai Tower which has foundations deep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Earth Shelter
An earth shelter, also called an earth house, earth-bermed house, earth-sheltered house, earth-covered house, or underground house, is a structure (usually a house) with earth (soil) against the walls and/or on the roof, or that is entirely buried underground. Earth acts as thermal mass, making it easier to maintain a steady indoor air temperature and therefore reduces energy costs for heating or cooling. Earth sheltering became relatively popular after the mid-1970s, especially among environmentalists. However, the practice has been around for nearly as long as humans have been constructing their own shelters. Definition * "Earth-sheltering is ../nowiki> a generic term with the general meaning: building design in which soil plays an integral part." [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Groundscraper
A groundscraper is a large building that has relatively few stories but which greatly extends horizontally. Definition '' Encarta'' defines ''groundscraper'' as "a large low or medium-rise building, typically containing offices, that spreads horizontally and occupies a large amount of land". Examples * 5 Broadgate, a groundscaper owned by Swiss bank UBS, was once the largest office building in the City of London. * Horizontal Skyscraper – Vanke Center in Shenzhen is as large as the Empire State Building, but is laid out horizontally and five stories above ground level. A park occupies the space below. *The Pentagon the world's second largest office building * Apple Park * Bharat Mandapam * The Squaire * Colossus of Prora, originally 4.5 km (2.8 mi) in length. * Estonian National Museum *SAS Frösundavik Office Buildingvan Meel, Jurian. ''The European Office: Office Design and National Context''. '' 010 Publishers, 200097 Retrieved from ''Google Books'' on 12 February 2010. , ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tower Block
A tower block, high-rise, apartment tower, residential tower, apartment block, block of flats, or office tower is a tall building, as opposed to a low-rise building and is defined differently in terms of height depending on the jurisdiction. It is used as a apartment building, residential or office building, or has other functions, including hotel, retail, or with multiple purposes combined. Residential high-rise buildings are also known in some varieties of English, such as British English, as tower blocks and may be referred to as MDUs, standing for multi-dwelling units. A very tall high-rise building is referred to as a skyscraper. High-rise buildings became possible to construct with the invention of the elevator (lift) and with less expensive, more abundant building materials. The materials used for the structural system of high-rise buildings are reinforced concrete and steel. Most North American–style skyscrapers have a steel frame, while residential blocks are usual ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shanghai Tower
The Shanghai Tower is a 128-story, megatall skyscraper located in Lujiazui, Pudong, Shanghai."Shanghai Tower Breaks Ground" . Luxist.com. 29 November 2008. Retrieved 24 July 2013. It is the tallest building in China and the world's third-tallest building by height to architectural top. It is the tallest and largest LEED Platinum certified building in the world since 2015. It was also the second tallest-building in the world, from 2015 to 2021, until the completion of the |
InterContinental Shanghai Wonderland
The Intercontinental Shanghai Wonderland (), also known as the Tianma Pit Hotel, Shimao Quarry Hotel, Songjiang, ''Click on the "+" sign to read the data''. or Pit Pegasus Hotel () is a hotel and earthscraper in Songjiang, Shanghai, China, from city center. The hotel, which started operations on 20 November 2018, is managed by InterContinental and was built on the site of an abandoned quarry and, notably, features some rooms underwater. The design and construction process of the hotel was fraught with many delays prior to 2013. Since 2013, however, the design optimization and onsite construction progressed at a fairly swift pace. The fit-out work carried out in 2017 and finally opened on 20 November 2018. History The InterContinental Hotels Group is behind the project as one of its flagship hotels in the country under the banner of Shimao Wonderland InterContinental. The design was shortlisted for an award at the World Architecture Festival in 2009. According to '' Shanghaiis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quarry
A quarry is a type of open-pit mining, open-pit mine in which dimension stone, rock (geology), rock, construction aggregate, riprap, sand, gravel, or slate is excavated from the ground. The operation of quarries is regulated in some jurisdictions to manage their safety risks and reduce their environmental impact. The word ''quarry'' can also include the underground quarrying for stone, such as Bath stone. History For thousands of years, only hand tools had been used in quarries. In the eighteenth century, the use of drilling and blasting operations was mastered. Types of rock Types of rock extracted from quarries include: *Chalk *China clay *Scoria, Cinder *Clay *Coal *Construction aggregate (sand and gravel) *Coquina *Diabase *Gabbro *Granite *Gritstone *Gypsum *Limestone *Marble *Ores *Phosphate rock *Quartz *Sandstone *Slate *Travertine Methods of quarrying The method of removal of stones from their natural bed by using different operations is called quarryin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mexico City
Mexico City is the capital city, capital and List of cities in Mexico, largest city of Mexico, as well as the List of North American cities by population, most populous city in North America. It is one of the most important cultural and financial centers in the world, and is classified as an Globalization and World Cities Research Network, Alpha world city according to the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) 2024 ranking. Mexico City is located in the Valley of Mexico within the high Mexican central plateau, at an altitude of . The city has 16 Boroughs of Mexico City, boroughs or , which are in turn divided into List of neighborhoods in Mexico City, neighborhoods or . The 2020 population for the city proper was 9,209,944, with a land area of . According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments, the population of Greater Mexico City is 21,804,515, which makes it the list of largest cities#List, sixth-largest metropolitan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zócalo
Zócalo () is the common name of the town square, main square in central Mexico City. Prior to the European colonization of the Americas, colonial period, it was the main ceremonial center in the Aztecs, Aztec city of Tenochtitlan. The plaza used to be known simply as the "Main Square" (''Plaza Mayor'') or "Arms Square" (''Plaza de Armas''), and today its formal name is Plaza de la Constitución (''Constitution Square''). This name does not come from any of the Constitution of Mexico, Mexican constitutions that have governed the country but rather from the Spanish Constitution of 1812, Cádiz Constitution, which was signed in Spain in the year 1812. Even so, it is almost always called the ''Zócalo'' today. Plans were made to erect a column as a monument to Mexican War of Independence, independence, but only the base, or ''zócalo'' (meaning "plinth"), was built. The plinth was buried long ago, but the name has lived on. Many other Mexican towns and cities, such as Oaxaca, Oaxaca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Climate Change
Present-day climate change includes both global warming—the ongoing increase in Global surface temperature, global average temperature—and its wider effects on Earth's climate system. Climate variability and change, Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's climate. The current rise in global temperatures is Scientific consensus on climate change, driven by human activities, especially fossil fuel burning since the Industrial Revolution. Fossil fuel use, Deforestation and climate change, deforestation, and some Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture, agricultural and Environmental impact of concrete, industrial practices release greenhouse gases. These gases greenhouse effect, absorb some of the heat that the Earth Thermal radiation, radiates after it warms from sunlight, warming the lower atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, the primary gas driving global warming, Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, has increased in concentratio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thermal Mass
In building design, thermal mass is a property of the matter of a building that requires a flow of heat in order for it to change temperature. Not all writers agree on what physical property of matter "thermal mass" describes. Most writers use it as a synonym for heat capacity, the ability of a body to store thermal energy. It is typically referred to by the symbol ''C''th, and its SI unit is J/K or J/°C (which are equivalent). However: * Christoph Reinhart at MIT describes thermal mass as its volume times its volumetric heat capacity. * Randa Ghattas, Franz-Joseph Ulm and Alison Ledwith, also at MIT, write that "It hermal massis dependent on the relationship between the specific heat capacity, density, thickness and conductivity of a material" although they don't provide a unit, describing materials only as "low" or "high" thermal mass. * Chris Reardon equates thermal mass with volumetric heat capacity . The lack of a consistent definition of what property of matter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Underground Living
Underground living refers to living below the ground's surface, whether in natural or manmade caves or structures ( earth shelters). Underground dwellings are an alternative to above-ground dwellings for some home seekers, including those who are looking to minimize impact on the environment. Factories and office buildings can benefit from underground facilities for many of the same reasons as underground dwellings such as noise abatement, energy use, and security. Some advantages of underground houses include resistance to severe weather, quiet living space, an unobtrusive presence in the surrounding landscape, and a nearly constant interior temperature due to the natural insulating properties of the surrounding earth. One appeal is the energy efficiency and environmental friendliness of underground dwellings. However, underground living does have certain disadvantages, such as the potential for flooding, which in some cases may require special pumping systems to be install ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
