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EZLN
The Zapatista Army of National Liberation (, EZLN), often referred to as the Zapatistas (), is a Far-left politics, far-left political and militant group that controls a Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities, substantial amount of territory in Chiapas, the southernmost state of Mexico. Since 1994, the group has been nominally at war with the Mexican state (although it may be described at this point as a frozen conflict). The EZLN used a strategy of civil resistance. The Zapatistas' main body is made up of mostly rural Indigenous peoples of Mexico, indigenous people, but it includes some supporters in urban areas and internationally. The EZLN's main spokesperson is Subcomandante Marcos, Subcomandante Insurgente Galeano, previously known as Subcomandante Marcos. The group takes its name from Emiliano Zapata, the agrarian revolutionary and commander of the Liberation Army of the South during the Mexican Revolution, and sees itself as his ideological heir. EZLN's ideology has ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neozapatismo
Neozapatismo or Neozapatism (sometimes simply Zapatismo) is the political philosophy and practice devised and employed by the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (, EZLN), who have instituted governments in a Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities, number of communities in Chiapas, Mexico, since the beginning of the Chiapas conflict. According to its adherents, it is not an ideology: "Zapatismo is not a new political ideology or a rehash of old ideologies... There are no universal recipes, lines, strategies, tactics, laws, rules or slogans. There is only a desire: to build a better world, that is, a new world." Observers have described the EZLN as having libertarian socialist and Marxist influences. As University College London, UCL media studies lecturer Anthony Faramelli has written, "Zapatismo is not attempting to inaugurate and/or lead any kind of resistance to neoliberalism, but rather facilitate the meeting of resistance, and allow it to organically form worlds outside ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chiapas
Chiapas, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Chiapas, is one of the states that make up the Political divisions of Mexico, 32 federal entities of Mexico. It comprises Municipalities of Chiapas, 124 municipalities and its capital and largest city is Tuxtla Gutiérrez. Other important population centers in Chiapas include Ocosingo, Tapachula, San Cristóbal de las Casas, Comitán, and Arriaga, Chiapas, Arriaga. Chiapas is the southernmost state in Mexico, and it borders the states of Oaxaca to the west, Veracruz to the northwest, and Tabasco to the north, and the Petén Department, Petén, Quiché Department, Quiché, Huehuetenango Department, Huehuetenango, and San Marcos Department, San Marcos departments of Guatemala to the east and southeast. Chiapas has a significant coastline on the Pacific Ocean to the southwest. In general, Chiapas has a humid, tropical climate. In the northern area bordering Tabasco, near Teapa Municipality, Teapa, rainfall can average more than pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Subcomandante Marcos
Rafael Sebastián Guillén Vicente (born 19 June 1957) is a Mexican insurgent, the former military leader and spokesman for the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) in the ongoing Chiapas conflict,Pasztor, S. B. (2004). "Marcos, Subcomandante". In D. Coerver, S. Pasztor & R. Buffington, ''Mexico: An encyclopedia of contemporary culture and history''. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p279 and a prominent Anti-capitalism, anti-capitalist and anti-Neoliberalism, neoliberal. Widely known by his initial ''nom de guerre'' Subcomandante Insurgente Marcos (frequently shortened to simply Subcomandante Marcos), he has subsequently employed several other pseudonyms: he called himself Delegate Zero during the Other Campaign (2006–2007), Subcomandante Insurgente Galeano (again, frequently with the "Insurgente" omitted) from May 2014 to October 2023, which he adopted in honor of his fallen comrade Jose Luis Solis Lopez, his nom de guerre being Galeano, aka "Teacher Galeano." and since Oc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Subcomandante Elisa
Subcomandante Elisa (born María Gloria Benavides Guevara; January 1955) is a Mexican activist from Monterrey, Nuevo León. In the 1980s and early 90s, she served as a subcomandante in the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN). She was arrested in February 1995 in connection with the 1994 Zapatista uprising. In 1996, the Mexican government acknowledged it was a wrongful arrest and acquitted her of all charges. Today, she is a professor at the Autonomous University of Social Movements (part of the Mexican Solidarity Network). Radical beginnings and the FLN (1970s) Benavides studied at the Faculty of Medicine from 1971 to 1972, where she was exposed to leftist ideas converging from multiple radical currents, particularly Juventud Comunista de México (Communist Youth of Mexico), Liga Leninista Espartaco (Spartacus Leninist League), and Obra Cultural Universitaria (University Cultural Work). According to Héctor Escamilla Lira, a prominent guerilla in the Liga Comunista ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Liberation Forces (Mexico)
The National Liberation Forces () were an insurgent group in Mexico. It was founded in 1969 by a group of young regiomontanos led by César Yáñez Muñoz, integrating the members of an old dissolved organization called the Mexican Insurgent Army. One of FLN's leaders was Rafael Guillén, who became a leader within the group's successor, the Zapatista National Liberation Army'' ''(EZLN). Some EZLN leaders have argued that the vanguardist and Marxist–Leninist orientation of the FLN failed to appeal to indigenous locals in Chiapas, leading former members of the FLN in the EZLN to ultimately opt for a libertarian socialist and neozapatista outlook after interacting with local communities. History The National Liberation Forces were established in August 1969, the founders were mainly students of the University of Nuevo León and former members of the dissolved Mexican Insurgent Army, who briefly operated in Chiapas. The group's activities were limited to the state of C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Popular Revolutionary Army
The Popular Revolutionary Army () is a far-left guerrilla warfare, guerrilla movement in Mexico. Though it operates mainly in the state of Guerrero, it has conducted operations in other southern Mexican states, including Oaxaca, Chiapas, Guanajuato, Tlaxcala and Veracruz. The EPR announced its existence on June 28, 1996, at the commemoration of the Aguas Blancas massacre one year earlier. Dozens of rebels, carrying AK-47 and AR-15 style rifle, AR-15 rifles, declared war against the Mexican government and read aloud the "Aguas Blancas Manifesto", as well as firing 17 shots into the air to pay respect to the 17 who died in the massacre. Political ideology The Popular Revolutionary Army advocates a Socialism, socialist peasant revolution. It describes itself as being inspired by but not following the Maoism of Peru's Shining Path militant group. Subcomandante Marcos has distanced the EZLN from the EPR in his communiqués, largely because of the EPR activities in the state of Chiap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radical Democracy
Radical democracy is a type of democracy that advocates the radical extension of equality and liberty. Radical democracy is concerned with a radical extension of equality and freedom, following the idea that democracy is an unfinished, inclusive, continuous and reflexive process. Theories Within radical democracy there are three distinct strands, as articulated by Lincoln Dahlberg. These strands can be labeled as agonistic, deliberative and autonomist. Agonistic perspective The first and most noted strand of radical democracy is the agonistic perspective, which is associated with the work of Laclau and Mouffe. Radical democracy was articulated by Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe in their book '' Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics'', written in 1985. They argue that social movements which attempt to create social and political change need a strategy which challenges neoliberal and neoconservative concepts of democracy. This strategy i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Comandanta Ramona
Comandanta Ramona (1959–6 January 2006) was an officer of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN), a revolutionary indigenous autonomist organization based in the southern Mexican state of Chiapas. She led the Zapatista Army into San Cristóbal de las Casas during the Zapatista uprising of 1994, and was the first Zapatista to appear publicly in Mexico City. She was one of the most important public figures during the first stages of the Zapatista Uprising and was central to the Indigenous Women's Movement. Biography Ramona was born in 1959 in the Tzotzil community of San Andres Sacamch'en de los Pobres in the highlands of Chiapas. Ramona was an embroiderer, a common occupation for the women in the community, before she joined the Zapatista Movement. Ramona left her village during a time of economic downturn, unable to find work and without a way to make a living. It was this venture outside of her home village that opened her eyes to the vast differences between t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Libertarian Socialism
Libertarian socialism is an anti-authoritarian and anti-capitalist political current that emphasises self-governance and workers' self-management. It is contrasted from other forms of socialism by its rejection of state ownership and from other forms of libertarianism by its rejection of private property. Broadly defined, it includes schools of both anarchism and Marxism, as well as other tendencies that oppose the state (polity), state and capitalism. With its roots in the Age of Enlightenment, libertarian socialism was first constituted as a tendency by the anti-authoritarian faction of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA), during their conflict with the Orthodox Marxism, Marxist faction. Libertarian socialism quickly spread throughout Europe and the American continent, reaching its height during the early stages of the Russian Revolution, Russian Revolution of 1917 and particularly during the Spanish Revolution of 1936. Its defeat during these revolutions led to i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mexico
Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in North America. It is the northernmost country in Latin America, and borders the United States to the north, and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; while having maritime boundary, maritime boundaries with the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the southeast, and the Gulf of Mexico to the east. Mexico covers 1,972,550 km2 (761,610 sq mi), and is the List of countries by area, thirteenth-largest country in the world by land area. With a population exceeding 130 million, Mexico is the List of countries by population, tenth-most populous country in the world and is home to the Hispanophone#Countries, largest number of native Spanish speakers. Mexico City is the capital and List of cities in Mexico, largest city, which ranks among the List of cities by population, most populous metropolitan areas in the world. Human presence in Mexico dates back to at least 8,000 BC. Mesoamerica, considered a cradle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ETA (separatist Group)
ETA, an acronym for ("Basque Homeland and Liberty"ETA BASQUE ORGANIZATION 20 October 2011 or "Basque Country and Freedom" in ), was an armed Basque nationalist and far-left [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gulf Cartel
The Gulf Cartel ( , or ''Golfos'') is a criminal syndicate, Drug cartel, drug trafficking organization, and U.S.-designated Foreign Terrorist Organization, which is perhaps one of the oldest organized crime groups in Mexico. It is currently based in Matamoros, Tamaulipas, directly across the U.S. border from Brownsville, Texas. Their network is international, and is believed to have dealings with crime groups in Europe, West Africa, Asia, Central America, South America, and the United States. Besides drug trafficking, the Gulf Cartel operates through protection rackets, assassinations, extortions, kidnappings, and other criminal activities. The members of the Gulf Cartel are known for intimidating the population and for being particularly violent. Although its founder Juan Nepomuceno Guerra smuggled alcohol in large quantities to the United States during the Prohibition in the United States, Prohibition era, and heroin for over 40 years, it was not until the 1980s that the cart ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
