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Diphenyl Ether
Diphenyl ether is the organic compound with the formula ( C6 H5)2 O. It is a colorless solid. This, the simplest diaryl ether, has a variety of niche applications. Synthesis and reactions Diphenyl ether and many of its properties were first reported as early as 1901. It is synthesized by a modification of the Williamson ether synthesis, here the reaction of phenol and bromobenzene in the presence of base and a catalytic amount of copper: :PhONa + PhBr → PhOPh + NaBr Involving similar reactions, diphenyl ether is a significant side product in the high-pressure hydrolysis of chlorobenzene in the production of phenol. Related compounds are prepared by Ullmann reactions. The compound undergoes reactions typical of other phenyl rings, including hydroxylation, nitration, halogenation, sulfonation, and Friedel–Crafts alkylation or acylation. Uses The main application of diphenyl ether is as a eutectic mixture with biphenyl, used as a heat transfer fluid. Suc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Royal Society Of Chemistry
The Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) is a learned society (professional association) in the United Kingdom with the goal of "advancing the chemical sciences". It was formed in 1980 from the amalgamation of the Chemical Society, the Royal Institute of Chemistry, the Faraday Society, and the Society for Analytical Chemistry with a new Royal Charter and the dual role of learned society and professional body. At its inception, the Society had a combined membership of 34,000 in the UK and a further 8,000 abroad. The headquarters of the Society are at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London. It also has offices in Thomas Graham House in Cambridge (named after Thomas Graham, the first president of the Chemical Society) where ''RSC Publishing'' is based. The Society has offices in the United States, on the campuses of The University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University, at the University City Science Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in both Beijing and Shanghai, China and in Ba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phenyl
In organic chemistry, the phenyl group, or phenyl ring, is a cyclic group of atoms with the formula C6 H5, and is often represented by the symbol Ph. Phenyl group is closely related to benzene and can be viewed as a benzene ring, minus a hydrogen, which may be replaced by some other element or compound to serve as a functional group. Phenyl group has six carbon atoms bonded together in a hexagonal planar ring, five of which are bonded to individual hydrogen atoms, with the remaining carbon bonded to a substituent. Phenyl groups are commonplace in organic chemistry. Although often depicted with alternating double and single bonds, phenyl group is chemically aromatic and has equal bond lengths between carbon atoms in the ring. Nomenclature Usually, a "phenyl group" is synonymous with C6H5− and is represented by the symbol Ph or, archaically, Φ. Benzene is sometimes denoted as PhH. Phenyl groups are generally attached to other atoms or groups. For example, triphenylmethane (Ph3 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scented Geranium
''Pelargonium'' () is a genus of flowering plants that includes about 280 species of perennials, succulents, and shrubs, commonly called geraniums, pelargoniums, or storksbills. '' Geranium'' is also the botanical name and common name of a separate genus of related plants, also known as cranesbills. Both genera belong to the family Geraniaceae. Carl Linnaeus originally included all the species in one genus, ''Geranium'', and they were later separated into two genera by Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle in 1789. While ''Geranium'' species are mostly temperate herbaceous plants, dying down in winter, ''Pelargonium'' species are evergreen perennials indigenous to warm temperate and tropical regions of the world, with many species in southern Africa. They are drought and heat tolerant, but can tolerate only minor frosts. Some species are extremely popular garden plants, grown as houseplants and bedding plants in temperate regions. They have a long flowering period, with flowers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polyimide
Polyimide (sometimes abbreviated PI) is a polymer containing imide groups belonging to the class of high-performance plastics. With their high heat-resistance, polyimides enjoy diverse applications in roles demanding rugged organic materials, e.g. high temperature fuel cells, displays, and various military roles. A classic polyimide is Kapton, which is produced by condensation of pyromellitic dianhydride and 4,4'-oxydianiline.Wright, Walter W. and Hallden-Abberton, Michael (2002) "Polyimides" in ''Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry'', Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. History The first polyimide was discovered in 1908 by Bogart and Renshaw. They found that 4-amino phthalic anhydride does not melt when heated but does release water upon the formation of a high molecular weight polyimide. The first semialiphatic polyimide was prepared by Edward and Robinson by melt fusion of diamines and tetra acids or diamines and diacids / diester. However, the first polyimide of significan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polyamide
A polyamide is a polymer with repeating units linked by amide bonds. Polyamides occur both naturally and artificially. Examples of naturally occurring polyamides are proteins, such as wool and silk. Artificially made polyamides can be made through step-growth polymerization or solid-phase synthesis yielding materials such as nylons, aramids, and sodium polyaspartate. Synthetic polyamides are commonly used in textiles, automotive industry, carpets, kitchen utensils and sportswear due to their high durability and strength. The transportation manufacturing industry is the major consumer, accounting for 35% of polyamide (PA) consumption. Classification Polymers of amino acids are known as polypeptides or proteins. According to the composition of their main chain, synthetic polyamides are classified as follows: All polyamides are made by the formation of an amide function to link two molecules of monomer together. The monomers can be amides themselves (usually in the form of a c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ferrario Reaction
Ferrario is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Bill Ferrario (born 1928), American footballer * Carlo Ferrario (born 1986), Italian footballer * Joseph Anthony Ferrario (1926–2003), American Roman Catholic bishop * Moreno Ferrario (born 1959), Italian footballer * Richard E. Ferrario (1931-1985), American educator and politician * Rino Ferrario (born 1926), Italian footballer * Rosina Ferrario (1888-1957), Italian aviator * Ruggero Ferrario Ruggero Ferrario (7 October 1897 – 5 April 1976) was an Italian racing cyclist and Olympic champion in track cycling. He won a gold medal in team pursuit at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp (with Arnaldo Carli, Franco Giorgetti and Pr ... (1897–1976), Italian footballer * Stefano Ferrario, Italian footballer See also * Ferrari * Ferrario reaction * Villa Carminati-Ferrario * Ferario Spasov (born 1962), Bulgarian football coach and manager {{surname Italian-language surnames Occup ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phenoxathiin
Phenoxathiin (dibenzooxathiane) C12H8OS is a heterocyclic compound of molecular weight 200.25632 g/mol with the CAS Registry Number 262-20-4. Diphenyl ether is a starting material in the production of phenoxathiin via the Ferrario reaction. Phenoxathiin is used in polyamide A polyamide is a polymer with repeating units linked by amide bonds. Polyamides occur both naturally and artificially. Examples of naturally occurring polyamides are proteins, such as wool and silk. Artificially made polyamides can be made through ... and polyimide production. References {{Reflist External links Chemicalbook.comWebbook.nist.gov Sulfur heterocycles Nitrogen heterocycles Heterocyclic compounds with 3 rings ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heat-transfer Fluid
In fluid thermodynamics, a heat transfer fluid is a gas or liquid that takes part in heat transfer by serving as an intermediary in cooling on one side of a process, transporting and storing thermal energy, and heating on another side of a process. Heat transfer fluids are used in countless applications and industrial processes requiring heating or cooling, typically in a closed circuit and in continuous cycles. Cooling water, for instance, cools an engine, while heating water in a hydronic heating system heats the radiator in a room. Water is the most common heat transfer fluid because of its economy, high heat capacity and favorable transport properties. However, the useful temperature range is restricted by freezing below 0 °C and boiling at elevated temperatures depending on the system pressure. Antifreeze additives can alleviate the freezing problem to some extent. However, many other heat transfer fluids have been developed and used in a huge variety of applicat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biphenyl
Biphenyl (also known as diphenyl, phenylbenzene, 1,1′-biphenyl, lemonene or BP) is an organic compound that forms colorless crystals. Particularly in older literature, compounds containing the functional group consisting of biphenyl less one hydrogen (the site at which it is attached) may use the prefixes xenyl or diphenylyl. It has a distinctively pleasant smell. Biphenyl is an aromatic hydrocarbon with a molecular formula (C6H5)2. It is notable as a starting material for the production of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which were once widely used as dielectric fluids and heat transfer agents. Biphenyl is also an intermediate for the production of a host of other organic compounds such as emulsifiers, optical brighteners, crop protection products, and plastics. Biphenyl is insoluble in water, but soluble in typical organic solvents. The biphenyl molecule consists of two connected phenyl rings. Properties and occurrence Biphenyl occurs naturally in coal tar, crude oi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friedel–Crafts Reaction
The Friedel–Crafts reactions are a set of reactions developed by Charles Friedel and James Crafts in 1877 to attach substituents to an aromatic ring. Friedel–Crafts reactions are of two main types: alkylation reactions and acylation reactions. Both proceed by electrophilic aromatic substitution. Alkylation With alkyl halides Friedel–Crafts alkylation involves the alkylation of an aromatic ring. Traditionally, the alkylating agents are alkyl halides. Many alkylating agents can be used instead of alkyl halides. For example, enones and epoxides can be used in presence of protons. Traditionally also, the reaction employs a strong Lewis acid, such as aluminium chloride as catalyst. This reaction suffers from the disadvantage that the product is more nucleophilic than the reactant because alkyl groups are activators for the Friedel–Crafts reaction. Consequently, overalkylation can occur. Steric hindrance can be exploited to limit the number of alkylations, as in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sulfonation
Aromatic sulfonation is an organic reaction in which a hydrogen atom on an arene is replaced by a sulfonic acid functional group in an electrophilic aromatic substitution. Aryl sulfonic acids are used as detergents, dye, and drugs. Stoichiometry and mechanism Typical conditions involve heating the aromatic compound with sulfuric acid: :C6H6 + H2SO4 → C6H5SO3H + H2O Sulfur trioxide or its protonated derivative is the actual electrophile in this electrophilic aromatic substitution. To drive the equilibrium, dehydrating agents such as thionyl chloride can be added. :C6H6 + H2SO4 + SOCl2 → C6H5SO3H + SO2 + 2 HCl Chlorosulfuric acid is also an effective agent: :C6H6 + HSO3Cl → C6H5SO3H + HCl In contrast to aromatic nitration and most other electrophilic aromatic substitutions this reaction is reversible. Sulfonation takes place in concentrated acidic conditions and desulfonation is the mode of action in a dilute hot aqueous acid. The reaction is very useful in protecting th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
