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Der Stahlhelm, Bund Der Frontsoldaten
''Der Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten'' (German: 'The Steel Helmet, League of Front-Line Soldiers'), commonly known as ''Der Stahlhelm'' ('The Steel Helmet') or ''Stahlhelm BdF'' ('D.S. BdF'), was a Revanchism, revanchist Veteran, ex-serviceman's association formed in Weimar Republic, Germany after the World War I, First World War. Dedicated to preserving the camaraderie and sacrifice of German frontline soldiers, it quickly evolved into a highly politicised force of ultranationalist resistance, opposed to the democratic ideals, democratic values of the Weimar Republic. By the 1920s, ''Der Stahlhelm'' had become a mass movement with hundreds of thousands of members, ideologically aligned with ''Völkisch movement, völkisch''-nationalist currents: anti-Marxism, anti-Marxist, Antisemitism, anti-Semitic, determined to reverse the Treaty of Versailles, but distinguished from Adolf Hitler, Hitler's Nazi Party, National Socialists by their support for a House of Hohenzollern, Hoh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stahlhelm Logo
The ''Stahlhelm'' (German for "''steel helmet''") is a term used to refer to a series of German steel combat helmet designs intended to protect the wearer from common battlefield hazards such as shrapnel. The armies of the great powers began to issue steel helmets during World War I as a result of combat experience and experimentation. The German Army (German Empire), German Army began to replace the boiled leather ''Pickelhaube'' with the ''Stahlhelm'' in 1916. The ''Stahlhelm's'' distinctive ''coal scuttle'' shape, was instantly recognizable and became a common element of propaganda on both sides, like the ''Pickelhaube'' before it. The name was used by ''Der Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten, Der Stahlhelm'', a German veterans' organization that existed from 1918 to 1935. After World War II, both East Germany, East and West Germany, West German militaries adopted helmets unrelated to the archetypical German helmet designs from the world wars, but continued to refer to the n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Harvard University Press
Harvard University Press (HUP) is an academic publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University. It is a member of the Association of University Presses. Its director since 2017 is George Andreou. The press maintains offices in Cambridge, Massachusetts, near Harvard Square, and in London, England. The press co-founded the distributor TriLiteral LLC with MIT Press and Yale University Press. TriLiteral was sold to LSC Communications in 2018. Notable authors published by HUP include Eudora Welty, Walter Benjamin, E. O. Wilson, John Rawls, Emily Dickinson, Stephen Jay Gould, Helen Vendler, Carol Gilligan, Amartya Sen, David Blight, Martha Nussbaum, and Thomas Piketty. The Display Room in Harvard Square, dedicated to selling HUP publications, closed on June 17, 2009. Related publishers, imprints, and series HUP owns the Belknap Press imprint (trade name), imprint, which it inaugurated in May 1954 with the publication of the ''Harvard Guide to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bund Bayern Und Reich
The ''Bund Bayern und Reich'' ("League for Bavaria and Empire", or "Bavaria and Empire League") was a Right-wing politics, right-wing paramilitary organization based in Free State of Bavaria (Weimar Republic), Bavaria during the Weimar Republic. It became the largest of such organizations in Bavaria throughout the 1920s. Origins and Beliefs Following the chaos of the German Revolution of 1918–19, November Revolution, and due to the inefficiency of the defeated German army, Citizens' Defense, ''Einwohnerwehr'' ("civilian militia", or "civil guard") groups were formed to suppress the revolting Bavarian Soviet Republic, Soviet Republics, as well as combat looting and sabotage. The ''Einwohnerwehr'' became a powerful force, owning the weapons depots and rising to a membership of 300,000 in Bavaria alone. The government later ordered those units dissolved after pressure from Allies of World War I, the Allies in 1921, and ''Einwohnerwehr'' began to form various paramilitary groups. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
German National People's Party
The German National People's Party (, DNVP) was a national-conservative and German monarchy, monarchist political party in Germany during the Weimar Republic. Before the rise of the Nazi Party, it was the major nationalist party in Weimar Germany. It was an alliance of Conservatism in Germany, conservative, German nationalism, nationalist, monarchist, , and antisemitic elements supported by the Pan-German League. Ideologically, the party was described as subscribing to authoritarian conservatism, German nationalism, and monarchism. Until 1931, the party also advocated for National liberalism, national liberal and Protectionism, protectionist economic policies, embracing corporatism, corporatist economic policies from 1931 onwards. Some members like the populist media mogul Alfred Hugenberg embraced Economic nationalism, economic nationalism and Statism, statism. Under Hugenberg the party is seen by some as a ''German Tory conservatism, Tory conservative'' party. It held anti-commu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johns Hopkins University Press
Johns Hopkins University Press (also referred to as JHU Press or JHUP) is the publishing division of Johns Hopkins University. It was founded in 1878 and is the oldest continuously running university press in the United States. The press publishes books and journals, and operates other divisions including fulfillment and electronic databases. Its headquarters are in Charles Village section of Baltimore, Maryland Maryland ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It borders the states of Virginia to its south, West Virginia to its west, Pennsylvania to its north, and Delaware to its east .... In 2017, after the retirement of Kathleen Keane, who is credited with modernizing JHU Press for the digital age, the university appointed new director Barbara Pope. Overview Daniel Coit Gilman, the first president of Johns Hopkins University, inaugurated the press in 1878. The press began as the university's Public ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Harzburg Front
The Harzburg Front () was a short-lived radical right-wing, anti-democratic political alliance in Weimar Germany, formed in 1931 as an attempt to present a unified opposition to the government of Chancellor Heinrich Brüning. It was a coalition of the national conservative German National People's Party (DNVP) under millionaire press-baron Alfred Hugenberg with Adolf Hitler's National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), the leadership of '' Der Stahlhelm'' paramilitary veterans' association, the Agricultural League and the Pan-German League organizations. Events The Front formed on Sunday, 11 October 1931 at a convention of representatives of the varying political groupings styling themselves the "national opposition" at the spa town of Bad Harzburg in the Free State of Brunswick, where the NSDAP's Dietrich Klagges had just been elected State Minister of the Interior. By choosing the province, the organizers avoided a rigid approval procedure, conducted by the Social ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1929 German Referendum
A referendum on the Young Plan was held in Germany on 22 December 1929. It was an attempt to use popular legislation to annul the Young Plan agreement between the German government and the Allies of World War I, World War I opponents of the German Reich regarding the amount and conditions of World War I reparations, reparations payments. The referendum was the result of the initiative "Against the Enslavement of the German People (Freedom Act)" launched in 1929 by right-wing parties and organizations. It called for an overall revision of the Treaty of Versailles and stipulated that government officials who accepted new reparation obligations would be committing treason. Eligible voters had from 16 to 29 October to sign the initiative and register their support for the draft Freedom Act. With just over 10% of those eligible to vote signing, the minimum requirement to pass the initiative was narrowly met. The German Reichstag (Weimar Republic), Reichstag debated the draft on 29 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Young Plan
The Young Plan was a 1929 attempt to settle issues surrounding the World War I reparations obligations that Germany owed under the terms of Treaty of Versailles. Developed to replace the 1924 Dawes Plan, the Young Plan was negotiated in Paris from February to June 1929 by a committee of international financial experts under the leadership of American businessman and economist Owen D. Young. Representatives of the affected governments then finalised and approved the plan at The Hague conference of 1929/30. Reparations were set at 36 billion Reichsmarks payable through 1988. Including interest, the total came to 112 billion Reichsmarks. The average annual payment was approximately two billion Reichsmarks (US$473 million in 1929). The plan came into effect on 17 May 1930, retroactive to 1 September 1929. In a parallel agreement, France agreed to withdraw its troops from the occupied Rhineland in 1930, five years earlier than called for in the Treaty of Versailles. Due to the e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold
The (, , simply in short) was an organization in Weimar Republic, Germany during the Weimar Republic with the goal to defend German parliamentary democracy against internal subversion and extremism from the left and right and to compel the population to respect and honour the new Republic's Flag of Germany, flag and Weimar Constitution, constitution. It was formed by members of the left-wing Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), the centre-right to right-wing Centre Party (Germany), German Centre Party, and the centrist-liberal German Democratic Party in February 1924. Organized militarily, the members wanted to ensure non-violent protection from the enemies of democracy. They refused to arm themselves, but were partly made up of veterans. Its name is derived from the Flag of Germany adopted in 1919, the colours of which were associated with the Weimar Republic and liberal German nationalism, and, as it happens, the traditional party colours of its three founding partie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Centre-right Politics
Centre-right politics is the set of right-wing political ideologies that lean closer to the political centre. It is commonly associated with conservatism, Christian democracy, liberal conservatism, and conservative liberalism. Conservative and liberal centre-right political parties have historically performed better in elections in the Anglosphere than other centre-right parties, while Christian democracy has been the primary centre-right ideology in Europe. The centre-right commonly supports ideas such as small government, law and order, freedom of religion, and strong national security. It has historically stood in opposition to radical politics, redistributive policies, multiculturalism, illegal immigration, and LGBT acceptance. Economically, the centre-right supports free markets and the social market economy, with market liberalism and neoliberalism being common centre-right economic positions. It typically seeks to preserve the cultural and socioeconomic ''status ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Far-right Politics
Far-right politics, often termed right-wing extremism, encompasses a range of ideologies that are marked by ultraconservatism, authoritarianism, ultranationalism, and Nativism (politics), nativism. This political spectrum situates itself on the far end of the right-wing politics, right, distinguished from more mainstream right-wing ideologies by its opposition to Liberal democracy, liberal democratic norms and emphasis on Exclusivism, exclusivist views. Far-right ideologies have historically included fascism, Nazism, and Falangism, while contemporary manifestations also incorporate neo-fascism, neo-Nazism, white supremacy, and various other movements characterized by chauvinism, xenophobia, and theocratic or reactionary beliefs. Key to the far-right worldview is the notion of societal purity, often invoking ideas of a homogeneous "national" or "ethnic" community. This view generally promotes organicism, which perceives society as a unified, natural entity under threat from D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
