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Dagong Global Credit Rating
Dagong Global Credit Rating () is a state-owned credit rating agency based in China. History The company was established in 1994, following approval by the People's Bank of China and the State Economic and Trade Division of the People's Republic of China. In May 2009, an agreement of mutual cooperation was signed with Xinhua News Agency, reported as "promoting a national credit rating system". The company stated that it has used "dialectical materialism" as part of its evaluative approach. In June 2013, Dagong Europe Credit Rating was registered and received authorisation from the European Securities and Markets Authority as Credit Rating Agency. In the same year, it was recognised by the Joint Committee of the three European Supervisory Authorities ( EBA, ESMA and EIOPA) as External Credit Assessment Institution operating in the European Union. It was led by Mauro Alfonso until February 2014. Regulatory Actions In 2018, Dagong's operations were suspended following accusa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
State-owned Enterprise
A state-owned enterprise (SOE) is a business entity created or owned by a national or local government, either through an executive order or legislation. SOEs aim to generate profit for the government, prevent private sector monopolies, provide goods at lower prices, implement government policies, or serve remote areas where private businesses are scarce. The government typically holds full or majority ownership and oversees operations. SOEs have a distinct legal structure, with financial and developmental goals, like making services more accessible while earning profit (such as a state railway). They can be considered as government-affiliated entities designed to meet commercial and state capitalist objectives. Terminology The terminology around the term state-owned enterprise is murky. All three words in the term are challenged and subject to interpretation. First, it is debatable what the term "state" implies (e.g., it is unclear whether municipally owned corporations and ente ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
European Securities And Markets Authority
The European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) is an agency of the European Union located in Paris. ESMA replaced the Committee of European Securities Regulators (CESR) on 1 January 2011. It is one of three European Supervisory Authorities set up within the European System of Financial Supervision, together with the European Banking Authority (EBA) and the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA). Legal Force ESMA derives its legal force from the'' 'ESMA Regulation. This regulation governs ESMA's competencies and delimits its powers. Objective The ''ESMA regulation'' states in Article 1(5): "The objective of the Authority shall be to protect the public interest by contributing to the short-, medium- and long-term stability and effectiveness of the financial system, for the Union economy, its citizens and businesses." This mission is further specified in Article 1(6): Composition and Seat ESMA is structured as follows: a Board of S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
1994 Establishments In China
The year 1994 was designated as the "International Year of the Family" and the "International Year of Sport and the Olympic Charter, Olympic Ideal" by the United Nations. In the Line Islands and Phoenix Islands of Kiribati, 1994 had only 364 days, omitting December 31. This was due to an adjustment of the International Date Line by the Kiribati government to bring all of its territories into the same calendar day. Events January * January 1 ** The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is established. ** Beginning of the Zapatista uprising in Mexico. * January 8 – ''Soyuz TM-18'': Valeri Polyakov begins his 437.7-day orbit of the Earth, eventually setting the world record for days spent in orbit. * January 11 – The Irish government announces the end of a 15-year broadcasting ban on the Provisional Irish Republican Army and its political arm Sinn Féin. * January 14 – U.S. President Bill Clinton and Russian President Boris Yeltsin sign the Kremlin accords, which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
List Of Countries By Credit Rating
This is a list of countries by credit rating, showing long-term foreign currency credit ratings for sovereign bonds as reported by the largest three major credit rating agencies: Standard & Poor's, Fitch Ratings, Fitch, and Moody's. The list also includes all administrative divisions not issuing sovereign bonds, but it excludes regions, provinces and municipalities issuing sub-sovereign bonds. Standard & Poor's For S&P, a bond is considered investment grade if its credit rating is BBB− or higher. Bonds rated BB+ and below are considered to be speculative grade, sometimes also referred to as "junk" bonds. An SD rating indicates that the country has selectively defaulted on some outstanding obligations. Fitch For Fitch, a bond is considered investment grade if its credit rating is BBB− or higher. Bonds rated BB+ and below are considered to be speculative grade, sometimes also referred to as "junk" bonds. Fitch Ratings typically does not assign outlooks to sovereign rating ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Caixin
Caixin Media () is a Chinese media group based in Beijing known for business and investigative journalism. Structure The founder and publisher is Hu Shuli, a former Knight Fellow in journalism at Stanford University, and an honorary doctorate degree recipient from Princeton University. Previously, Hu founded Caijing magazine. Yang Daming acts as deputy publisher, and Wang Shuo is editor-in-chief. The business side is headed by Zhang Lihui as president. The headquarters is in the Sanlitun SOHO (三里屯SOHO) in Chaoyang District, Beijing. There are also offices in Xuhui District, Shanghai and Quarry Bay, Hong Kong. History Departure from Caijing Magazine Caixin Media was established in January 2010, created subsequently to the departure of Hu Shuli and the majority of the editors and reporters at Caijing Magazine in November 2009. The original staff of Caixin Media is composed entirely of employees from Caijing. '' Caijing'' is a financial news magazine. It was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Nationalization
Nationalization (nationalisation in British English) is the process of transforming privately owned assets into public assets by bringing them under the public ownership of a national government or state. Nationalization contrasts with privatization and with demutualization. When previously nationalized assets are privatized and subsequently returned to public ownership at a later stage, they are said to have undergone renationalization (or deprivatization). Industries often subject to nationalization include telecommunications, electric power, fossil fuels, railways, airlines, iron ore, media, postal services, banks, and water (sometimes called the commanding heights of the economy), and in many jurisdictions such entities have no history of private ownership. Nationalization may occur with or without financial compensation to the former owners. Nationalization is distinguished from property redistribution in that the government retains control of nationalized pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational union, supranational political union, political and economic union of Member state of the European Union, member states that are Geography of the European Union, located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of and an estimated population of over 449million as of 2024. The EU is often described as a ''sui generis'' political entity combining characteristics of both a federation and a confederation. Containing 5.5% of the world population in 2023, EU member states generated a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of around €17.935 trillion in 2024, accounting for approximately one sixth of global economic output. Its cornerstone, the European Union Customs Union, Customs Union, paved the way to establishing European Single Market, an internal single market based on standardised European Union law, legal framework and legislation that applies in all member states in those matters, and only those matters, where the states ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
EIOPA
The European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA) is a European Union financial regulatory agency. It was established in 2011 under Regulation (EU) No 1094/2010. EIOPA is one of the three European Supervisory Authorities responsible for microprudential oversight at the European Union level within the European System of Financial Supervision, together with the European Banking Authority (EBA) and European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA). Background The initial precursor of EIOPA was the Conference of the Insurance Supervisory Services of European Community Countries (), established in 1957 and thus predating both the Groupe de Contact for banking supervisors (1972) and the Chairs' informal group for securities commissions (1989). The Committee of European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Supervisors (CEIOPS), a Level-3 Committee of the European Union under the Lamfalussy process, was established in 2004 under the terms of European Commission's Deci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
European Banking Authority
The European Banking Authority (EBA) is a regulatory agency of the European Union headquartered in La Défense, Île-de-France. Its activities include conducting stress tests on European banks to increase transparency in the European financial system and identifying weaknesses in banks' capital structures. The EBA has the power to overrule national regulators if they fail to properly regulate their banks. The EBA is able to prevent regulatory arbitrage and should allow banks to compete fairly throughout the EU. The EBA will prevent a race to the bottom because banks established in jurisdictions with less regulation will no longer be at a competitive advantage compared to banks based in jurisdictions with more regulations as all banks will henceforth have to comply with the higher pan European standard. History The EBA was established on 1 January 2011, upon which date it inherited all of the tasks and responsibilities of the Committee of European Banking Supervisors (CEB ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Dagong Europe Credit Rating
Dagong Europe Credit Rating is no longer a subsidiary of Dagong Global Credit Rating since 2019. It then changed name to DG International Ratings SRL. The European Securities and Markets Authority(ESMA) has withdrawn the credit rating agency (CRA)registration of DG International Ratings SRL(previously Dagong Europe Credit Rating Srl)(DG International). History It was established in March 2012 with headquarters in Milan, Italy. In June 2013, it was registered and received authorization from the European Securities and Markets Authority ('ESMA') under the Article 16 of the Credit Rating Agency (CRA) regulation. It is the first entity to have applied for registration as a CRA with shareholders from the People's Republic of China. It is recognized by the Joint Committee of the three European Supervisory Authorities (EBA, ESMA and EIOPA – ESAs) as External Credit Assessment Institutions (ECAI) operating in the European Union. In December 2016, Dagong Europe opened its branch offi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Beijing
Beijing, Chinese postal romanization, previously romanized as Peking, is the capital city of China. With more than 22 million residents, it is the world's List of national capitals by population, most populous national capital city as well as China's List of cities in China by population, second largest city by urban area after Shanghai. It is located in North China, Northern China, and is governed as a Direct-administered municipalities of China, municipality under the direct administration of the Government of the People's Republic of China, State Council with List of administrative divisions of Beijing, 16 urban, suburban, and rural districts.Figures based on 2006 statistics published in 2007 National Statistical Yearbook of China and available online at archive. Retrieved 21 April 2009. Beijing is mostly surrounded by Hebei Province and neighbors Tianjin to the southeast; together, the three divisions form the Jing-Jin-Ji, Jing-Jin-Ji cluster. Beijing is a global city and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Dialectical Materialism
Dialectical materialism is a materialist theory based upon the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that has found widespread applications in a variety of philosophical disciplines ranging from philosophy of history to philosophy of science. As a materialist philosophy, Marxist dialectics emphasizes the importance of real-world conditions and the presence of functional contradictions within and among social relations, which derive from, but are not limited to, the contradictions that occur in social class, labour economics, and socioeconomic interactions. Within Marxism, a contradiction is a relationship in which two forces oppose each other, leading to mutual development. In contrast with the idealist perspective of Hegelian dialectics, the materialist perspective of Marxist dialectics emphasizes that contradictions in material phenomena could be resolved with dialectical analysis, from which is synthesized the solution that resolves the contradiction, whilst retain ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
