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Consolidation Of The Iranian Revolution
The consolidation of the Iranian Revolution refers to a turbulent process of Islamic Republic stabilization, following the completion of the Islamic revolution. After the Shah of Iran and his regime were overthrown by Islamic revolutionaries in February 1979, Iran was in a "revolutionary crisis mode" from this time until 1982 or 1983. Its economy and the apparatus of government collapsed. Military and security forces were in disarray. Following the events of the Islamic revolution, Marxist guerrillas and federalist parties revolted in some regions comprising Khuzistan, Kurdistan, and Gonbad-e Qabus, which resulted in fighting between them and the Islamic forces. These revolts began in April 1979 and lasted for several months to more than a year, depending on the region. Recently published documents show that United States was afraid of those revolts. National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski discussed with his staff about a possible American invasion of Iran by using Turkis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iranian Revolution
The Iranian Revolution ( fa, انقلاب ایران, Enqelâb-e Irân, ), also known as the Islamic Revolution ( fa, انقلاب اسلامی, Enqelâb-e Eslâmī), was a series of events that culminated in the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and the replacement of his government with an Islamic republic under the rule of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, a leader of one of the factions in the revolt. The revolution was supported by various leftist and Islamist organizations. After the 1953 Iranian coup d'état, Pahlavi had aligned with the United States and the Western Bloc to rule more firmly as an authoritarian monarch. He relied heavily on support from the United States to hold on to power which he held for a further 26 years. This led to the 1963 White Revolution and the arrest and exile of Ayatollah Khomeini in 1964. Amidst massive tensions between Khomeini and the Shah, demonstrations began in October 1977, developing into a campa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC; fa, سپاه پاسداران انقلاب اسلامی, Sepāh-e Pāsdārān-e Enghelāb-e Eslāmi, lit=Army of Guardians of the Islamic Revolution also Sepāh or Pasdaran for short) is a branch of the Iranian Armed Forces, founded after the Iranian Revolution on 22 April 1979 by order of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.IISS Military Balance 2006, Routledge for the IISS, London, 2006, p. 187 Whereas the Iranian Army defends Iranian borders and maintains internal order, according to the Iranian constitution, the Revolutionary Guard is intended to protect the country's Islamic republic political system, which supporters believe includes preventing foreign interference and coups by the military or "deviant movements". The IRGC is designated as a terrorist organization by the governments of Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and the United States. As of 2011, the Revolutionary Guards had at least 250,000 military personnel including ground, aer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iran Liberation Army
The Azadegan Organization ( fa, آزادگان, lit=the pirituallyfree ones) was an Iranian monarchist organisation which sought to restore the Pahlavi dynasty following the 1979 Iranian Revolution. The group, founded by General Bahram Aryana Arteshbod Bahram Aryana ( fa, بهرام آریانا); also spelled Bahram Ariana born Hossein Manouchehri; 17 March 1906 – 21 June 1985) was a top Iranian military commander during the reign of Mohammed Reza Pahlavi and an Iranian nationalis ..., was described as the most prominent of the "fundamentalist monarchist" (vice "constitutionalist monarchist") groups following the Revolution. Hijack of Iranian naval vessel References External links * Monarchist organizations Counter-revolutionaries Organisations of the Iranian Revolution Monarchism in Iran {{Iran-hist-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pan-Iranist Party
The Pan-Iranist Party ( fa, حزب پانایرانیست, Ḥezb-e Pān-Irānist) is a small opposition political party in Iran that advocates pan-Iranism. The party is not registered and is technically banned, however it continues to operate inside Iran. During the Pahlavi dynasty, the party was represented in the Parliament and considered a semi-opposition within the regime, allowed to operate until officially denouncing Iran's assent to Bahraini independence in 1971. The party was forced to close down and merge into the Resurgence Party in 1975. It is an occasional supporter of the major nationalist party, National Front, and was nationalist and fascist with respect to its ideology. Pan-Iranist Party was an anti-communist organization and regularly battled Tudeh Party of Iran mobs in the streets of Tehran. Pan-Iranist Party spoke supportive of the Iranian Green Movement in 2009 and its discourse was revived in the 2010s by the conservatives who tactically adopted its po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Resistance Movement Of Iran
The National Movement of the Iranian Resistance (NAMIR; fa, نهضت مقاومت ملی ایران) was a political organization founded by Shapour Bakhtiar in 1979. An exiled opposition to the Islamic Republic regime, the organization pursued a convergence of nationalism and constitutional liberalism and its membership included liberals, conservatives, and democratic socialists, as well as monarchists. Leadership Other than Bakhtiar, who was the leader of the party, three senior members served in the capacity of the Chairman of Executive Committee: Abdolrahman Boroomand (1980–1987; March–August 1991) Mohammad Moshiri (March 1987–July 1989), Sadegh Sadireh (July 1989–March 1991). Financial sources Soon after its establishment, the organization received some $500,000 contribution from Ashraf Pahlavi. Manouchehr Ghorbanifar allegedly provided them with $10 million, while Ba'athist Iraq also funded the organization with $30 million to $70, plus a $200–250,000 mon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Democratic Front (Iran)
The National Democratic Front ( fa, جبهه دموکراتیک ملی, Jebha-ye demokrātīk-e mellī) was a liberal political party founded during the Iranian Revolution of 1979 that overthrew Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and was banned within a short time by the Islamic government. It was founded by , a grandson of celebrated Iranian nationalist Mohammad Mosaddegh and a "lawyer who had been active in human rights causes" before the downfall of the shah and the son of the fourth prime minister and the jurist Ahmad Matin-Daftari. Though it was short-lived, the party has been described as one of "the three major movements of the political center" in Iran at that time, and its ouster was one of the first indications that the Islamist revolutionaries in control of the Iranian Revolution would not tolerate liberal political forces. Overview Matin-Daftari's party was launched in early March 1979 at a meeting attended by around one million people. This was "at a time when all shades o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muslim People's Republic Party
The Muslim People's Republic Party (MPRP) or Islamic People's Republican Party (IPRP; fa, حزب جمهوری خلق مسلمان ایران, Ḥezb-e jomhuri-e ḵalq-e mosalmān-e Irān) was a short-lived party associated with Shia Islamic cleric Shariatmadari. It was founded in 1979 during the Iranian Revolution as a "moderate, more liberal counterweight" to the theocratic, Islamist Islamic Republican Party (IRP) of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, and disbanded in 1980. History The party was founded around March 1979. by a "group of bazaar merchants, middle-class politicians, and clerics associated with Khomeini's chief rival in Qom", the Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari. In contrast to the Islamic Republican Party, the Muslim People's Republican Party emphasized "collective" religious leadership - as opposed to leadership by Khomeini - "criticized the unruly behavior" of the revolutionary committees and the "harsh judgment" of the revolutionary courts, was ready t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nation Party Of Iran
Party of the Iranian Nation (or Nation Party of Iran, Iran Nation Party; fa, حزب ملت ایران, Ḥezb-e Mellat-e Irān) is "a small opposition" party in Iran advocating establishment of a secular democracy. Although the party is technically illegal, it still operates inside Iran.Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Iran: Update to IRN28431.E of 23 December 1997on the Nation of Iran Party ("Hezb-e Mellat-e Iran", the National Front, the Iranian Nation Party, the Iranian National Party, Party of the People of Iran), and the deaths of Dariush (Daryush) and Paravaneh (Paravanah) Foruhar (Forouhar, Forohar), 1 February 2000, IRN33708.E, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ad5320.html ccessed 29 October 2016 Founded in 1951 by Dariush Forouhar, the party had a few hundred members, mostly high-school students, and was a member of National Front until the Iranian Revolution, however it did not carry much weight in the leadership of the front. The party pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Movement Of Militant Muslims
The Movement of Militant Muslims ( fa, جنبش مسلمانان مبارز) is an Iranian Islamic socialist political group led by Habibollah Payman. The group had been revolutionary and is close to Council of Nationalist-Religious Activists of Iran The Council of Nationalist-Religious Activists of Iran ( fa, شورای فعالان ملی-مذهبی ایران, Showra-ye Fa'alan-e Melli Mazhabi) or The Coalition of National-Religious Forces of Iran ( fa, ائتلاف نيروهای ملی-م� .... References 1977 establishments in Iran Anti-imperialist organizations Islamic political parties in Iran Islamic socialist political parties Political parties established in 1977 Political parties of the Iranian Revolution Social democratic parties in Asia Socialist parties in Iran {{Iran-party-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
JAMA (Iranian Party)
JAMA ( fa, جاما) is an Iranian political party founded in 1964. The party which was mainly active between 1979 and 1981 and a junior partner in the Cabinet of Bazargan, had been outlawed throughout much of its history due to dissenting the rule of both Pahlavi dynasty and the Islamic Republic. History JAMA, an acronym standing for 'The Liberation Movement of the People of Iran' ( fa, جنبش آزادیبخش مردم ایران, jonbeš-e āzādībaḵᵛš-e mardom-e īrān), was founded in 1964 by a number of radical members of the Party of the Iranian People who were led by Kazem Sami and Habibollah Payman. They had come to the conclusion that armed resistance is the best strategy to confront the government following the 1953 coup d'état. In summer 1965, members of the party including the two leaders were arrested which led to effective disruption of their plans. However, the organization continued to exist in small clandestine circles. In 1977, the leaders of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Front (Iran)
The National Front of Iran ( fa, جبهه ملی ایران, Jebhe-ye Melli-ye Irân) is an opposition political organization in Iran, founded by Mohammad Mosaddegh in 1949. It is the oldest and arguably the largest pro-democracy group operating inside Iran despite having never been able to recover the prominence it had in the early 1950s. Initially, the front was an umbrella organization for a broad spectrum of forces with nationalist, liberal-democratic, socialist, '' bazaari'', secular and Islamic tendencies, that mobilized to successfully campaign for the nationalization of the Iranian oil industry. In 1951, the Front formed a government which was deposed by the 1953 Iranian ''coup d'état'' and subsequently repressed. Members attempted to revive the Front in 1960, 1965 and 1977. Before 1953 and throughout the 1960s, the Front was torn by strife between secular and religious elements; over time its coalition split into various squabbling factions, with the Front graduall ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Freedom Movement Of Iran
The Freedom Movement of Iran (FMI) or Liberation Movement of Iran (LMI; fa, نهضت آزادی ايران, Nahżat-e āzādi-e Irān) is an Iranian pro- democracy political organization founded in 1961, by members describing themselves as "Muslims, Iranians, Constitutionalists and Mossadeghists". It is the oldest party still active in Iran and has been described as a "semi-opposition" or "loyal opposition" party. It has also been described as a "religious nationalist party". The organization was split to the National Front (II), its establishment was supported by Mohammad Mossadegh. It then applied for the membership in the front with a platform advocating national sovereignty, freedom of political activity and expression, social justice under Islam, respect for Iran's constitution, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the Charter of the United Nations. It believes in the separation of religion and state, while that political activity should be guided by religious v ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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