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Castilla (plant)
''Castilla'' (sometimes incorrectly spelled ''Castilloa'') is a genus of 3 species of large trees in the family Moraceae, native to Central and South America. Etymology This genus is named after Juan Diego del Castillo (d. 1793), a Spanish botanist who was a friend of Vicente Cervantes, who chose the name in his friend's honor. Description ''Castilla'' species are monoecious or dioecious trees up to 40 meters tall, with buttressed trunks and abundant white latex of commercial value. The branchlets have scars left by the fallen stipules. The leaves are oblong to elliptic, with entire margins. The inflorescences are surrounded by bracts and have small flowers. The male flowers are borne in lengthwise-folded kidney-shaped inflorescences and female flowers in globose inflorescences. The infrutescence varies in shape and has orange or red fruits. Ecology ''Castilla'' species exhibit a phenomenon known as cladoptosis, the regular shedding of branches. This may be an adaptation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vicente Cervantes
Vicente (Vincente) de Cervantes (Ledrada, Salamanca España; 1755 - México; 1829) was a notable Spanish and Mexican physician and botanist. Background Don Vicente Cervantes was a contemporary of Martín Sessé y Lacasta and corresponded with Jean-Louis Berlandier, the French naturalist who botanized in Mexico and Texas as part of the Mexican Boundary Commission. He was also the first Professor of Botany in New Spain, at the Royal Botanic Garden in Mexico City. It is after him that the magnificent Odontoglossum orchid, the "Cervantes Odontoglot" ('' Odontoglossum cervantesii''), is named. Juan Diego del Castillo (d. 1793) joined Cervantes in Mexico. Del Castillo left a large sum of money towards the printing of their projected book ''Flora Mexicana''. Cervantes named the genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lapsus
In philology, a lapsus (Latin for "lapse, slip, error") is an involuntary mistake made while writing or speaking. Investigations In 1895 an investigation into verbal slips was undertaken by a philologist and a psychologist, Rudolf Meringer and Karl Mayer, who collected many examples and divided them into separate types. Psychoanalysis Freud was to become interested in such mistakes from 1897 onwards, developing an interpretation of slips in terms of their unconscious meaning. Subsequently followers of his like Ernest Jones developed the theme of lapsus in connection with writing, typing, and misprints. According to Freud's early psychoanalytic theory, a lapsus represents a bungled act that hides an unconscious desire: “the phenomena can be traced back to incompletely suppressed psychical material...pushed away by consciousness”. Jacques Lacan would thoroughly endorse the Freudian interpretation of unconscious motivation in the slip, arguing that “in the ''lapsus'' it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus. :E.g. '' Panthera leo'' (lion) and '' Panthera onca'' (jaguar) are two species within the genus '' Panthera''. ''Panthera'' is a genus within the family Felidae. The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomists. The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: # monophyly – all descendants of an ancestral taxon are grouped together (i.e. phylogenetic analysis should cl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moraceae
The Moraceae — often called the mulberry family or fig family — are a family of flowering plants comprising about 38 genera and over 1100 species. Most are widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, less so in temperate climates; however, their distribution is cosmopolitan overall. The only synapomorphy within the Moraceae is presence of laticifers and milky sap in all parenchymatous tissues, but generally useful field characters include two carpels sometimes with one reduced, compound inconspicuous flowers, and compound fruits. The family includes well-known plants such as the fig, banyan, breadfruit, jackfruit, mulberry, and Osage orange. The 'flowers' of Moraceae are often pseudanthia (reduced inflorescences). Historical taxonomy Formerly included within the now defunct order Urticales, recent molecular studies have resulted in the family's placement within the Rosales in a clade called the urticalean rosids that also includes Ulmaceae, Celtidaceae, Cannabace ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central America
Central America ( es, América Central or ) is a subregion of the Americas. Its boundaries are defined as bordering the United States to the north, Colombia to the south, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Central America consists of eight countries: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama. Within Central America is the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot, which extends from northern Guatemala to central Panama. Due to the presence of several active geologic faults and the Central America Volcanic Arc, there is a high amount of seismic activity in the region, such as volcanic eruptions and earthquakes which has resulted in death, injury, and property damage. In the pre-Columbian era, Central America was inhabited by the indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica to the north and west and the Isthmo-Colombian peoples to the south and east. Following the Spanish expedition of Christopher Columbus' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
South America
South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the southern subregion of a single continent called America. South America is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean; North America and the Caribbean Sea lie to the northwest. The continent generally includes twelve sovereign states: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela; two dependent territories: the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; and one internal territory: French Guiana. In addition, the ABC islands of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Ascension Island (dependency of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, a British Overseas Territory), Bouvet Island ( dependency ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Juan Diego Del Castillo
Juan Diego del Castillo (1744–1793) was a Spanish pharmacist and botanist who joined Vicente Cervantes in Mexico. Castillo wrote ''Plantas descritas en el viaje de Acapulco''. He died in Mexico. Castillo had been a contemporary of Martín Sessé y Lacasta. In New Spain, Lacasta had been joined by a group of Spanish botanists selected by Casimiro Gómez Ortega, director of the Royal Botanical Garden of Madrid. These included Cervantes, José Longinos Martínez, and Del Castillo. Del Castillo left a large sum of money towards the printing of their projected book ''Flora Mexicana''. Cervantes named the genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ... '' Castilla'' after him.M.J.R. Loadman, ''Tears of the Tree: The Story of Rubber –a Modern Marvel'' (Oxford: Oxford ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Castilla Elastica Bark Scar
Castile, Castille or Castilla may refer to: Places Spain *Castile (historical region), a vaguely defined historical region of Spain covering most of Castile and León, all of the Community of Madrid and most of Castilla–La Mancha *Kingdom of Castile, one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian peninsula, 1065–1230 *Crown of Castile, a medieval state in the Iberian Peninsula that formed in 1230 *Two regions of the Kingdom of Spain (until 1982): **Old Castile, in the north **New Castile (Spain), in the south *Two contemporary autonomous communities of Spain: **Castile and León, in the north **Castilla–La Mancha, in the south Elsewhere *Castile, New York *Castile (village), New York *Castilla District, Piura Province, Peru *Castilla de Oro, name given by Spanish in 16th century to Central American territories *Governorate of New Castile, modern Peru *Castilla, Sorsogon, municipality in Sorsogon, Philippines Other uses * Castile (surname) * Castilians, inhabitants of the his ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cladoptosis
Cladoptosis (Ancient Greek "branch", "falling" oun sometimes pronounced with the p silent) is the regular shedding of branches. It is the counterpart for branches of the familiar process of regular leaf shedding by deciduous trees. As in leaf shedding, an abscission layer forms, and the branch is shed cleanly. Functions of cladoptosis Cladoptosis is thought to have three possible functions: self-pruning (i.e. programmed plant senescence), drought response (characteristic of xerophytes) and liana defence. * Self-pruning is the shedding of branches that are shaded or diseased, which are potentially a drain on the resources of the tree. * Drought response is similar to the leaf-fall response of drought-deciduous trees; however, leafy shoots are shed in place of leaves. Western red cedar (''Thuja plicata'') provides an example, as do other members of the family Cupressaceae. * In tropical forests, infestation of tree canopies by woody climbers or lianas can be a serious problem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mesoamerican Ballgame
The Mesoamerican ballgame ( nah, ōllamalīztli, , myn, pitz) was a sport with ritual associations played since at least 1650 BC by the pre-Columbian people of Ancient Mesoamerica. The sport had different versions in different places during the millennia, and a newer, more modern version of the game, ''ulama'', is still played by the indigenous populations in some places.Fox, John (2012)''The ball: discovering the object of the game"'' 1st ed., New York: Harper. . Cf. Chapter 4: "Sudden Death in the New World" about the Ulama game. The rules of the Mesoamerican ballgame are not known, but judging from its descendant, ulama, they were probably similar to racquetball, where the aim is to keep the ball in play. The stone ballcourt goals are a late addition to the game. In the most common theory of the game, the players struck the ball with their hips, although some versions allowed the use of forearms, rackets, bats, or handstones. The ball was made of solid rubber and weigh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Castilla Elastica 05
Castile, Castille or Castilla may refer to: Places Spain *Castile (historical region), a vaguely defined historical region of Spain covering most of Castile and León, all of the Community of Madrid and most of Castilla–La Mancha *Kingdom of Castile, one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian peninsula, 1065–1230 * Crown of Castile, a medieval state in the Iberian Peninsula that formed in 1230 *Two regions of the Kingdom of Spain (until 1982): **Old Castile, in the north **New Castile (Spain), in the south *Two contemporary autonomous communities of Spain: ** Castile and León, in the north **Castilla–La Mancha, in the south Elsewhere * Castile, New York * Castile (village), New York * Castilla District, Piura Province, Peru * Castilla de Oro, name given by Spanish in 16th century to Central American territories *Governorate of New Castile, modern Peru *Castilla, Sorsogon, municipality in Sorsogon, Philippines Other uses * Castile (surname) * Castilians, inhabitants of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Castilla Elastica
''Castilla elastica'', the Panama rubber tree, is a tree native to the tropical areas of Mexico, Central America, and northern South America. It was the principal source of latex among the Mesoamerican peoples in pre-Columbian times. The latex gathered from ''Castilla elastica'' was converted into usable rubber by mixing the latex with the juice of the morning glory species '' Ipomoea alba'' which, conveniently, is typically found in the wild as a vine climbing ''Castilla elastica''. The rubber produced by this method found several uses, including most notably, the manufacture of balls for the Mesoamerican ballgame '' ōllamaliztli''. The Nahuatl word for rubber was ''ulli / olli'', from which their word for the ballgame derived), and also their name for the ancient people they associated with the origin of the ballgame, the Olmecs The Olmecs () were the earliest known major Mesoamerican civilization. Following a progressive development in Soconusco, they occupied the trop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
