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West And Central Bird's Head Languages
The West Papuan languages are a proposed language family of about two dozen non-Austronesian languages of the Bird's Head Peninsula (Vogelkop or Doberai Peninsula) of far western New Guinea, the island of Halmahera and its vicinity, spoken by about 220,000 people in all. It is not established if they constitute a proper linguistic family or an areal network of genetically unrelated families. The best known "West Papuan" language is Ternate (50,000 native speakers) of the island of the same name, which is a regional lingua franca. Along with neighboring Tidore, they were the languages of the rival medieval Ternate and Tidore sultanates, famous for their role in the spice trade. Origins and contact The North Halmahera (NH) languages, spoken in the Maluku Islands, share some structural similarities with certain Papuan families in Melanesia, which was noted as far back as 1900. In addition, there is a number of lexical and morphemic correspondences between NH and West Bird’s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Halmahera
Halmahera, formerly known as Jilolo, Gilolo, or Jailolo, is the largest island in the Maluku Islands. It is part of the North Maluku Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia, and Sofifi, the capital of the province, is located on the west coast of the island. Halmahera has a land area of . It is the largest island of Indonesia outside the five main islands. It had a population of 162,728 in 1995; by 2010, it had increased to 449,938 for the island itself (excluding the tip which is considered part of the Joronga Islands, but including Gebe and Ju islands) and 667,161 for the island group (including all of South Halmahera and Tidore, but not Ternate). Approximately half of the island's inhabitants are Islam in Indonesia, Muslim and half are Christianity in Indonesia, Christian. History Sparsely-populated Halmahera's fortunes have long been closely tied to those of the smaller islands of Ternate and Tidore, both off its west coast. This island was the site of Sultanate of Jai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spice Trade
The spice trade involved historical civilizations in Asia, Northeast Africa and Europe. Spices, such as cinnamon, cassia, cardamom, ginger, pepper, nutmeg, star anise, clove, and turmeric, were known and used in antiquity and traded in the Eastern World. These spices found their way into the Near East before the beginning of the Christian era, with fantastic tales hiding their true sources. The maritime aspect of the trade was dominated by the Austronesian peoples in Southeast Asia, namely the ancient Indonesian sailors who established routes from Southeast Asia to Sri Lanka and India (and later China) by 1500 BC. These goods were then transported by land toward the Mediterranean and the Greco-Roman world via the incense route and the Roman–India routes by Indian and Persian traders.Fage 1975: 164 The Austronesian maritime trade lanes later expanded into the Middle East and eastern Africa by the 1st millennium AD, resulting in the Austronesian colonization of Madagas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biak Language
Biak ( or 'Biak language'; or 'our language'; Indonesian: ), also known as Biak-Numfor, Noefoor, Mafoor, Mefoor, Nufoor, Mafoorsch, Myfoorsch and Noefoorsch, is an Austronesian language of the South Halmahera-West New Guinea subgroup of the Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages. According to ''Ethnologue'', it is spoken by about 70,000 people in Biak and Numfor and numerous small islands in the Schouten Islands, located in Papua province of Western New Guinea, northeastern Indonesia. Name The name ''Biak'' or ''Vyak'' refers to the island of the same name. It probably comes from an earlier form ''*Bat'', which is argued to have meant "the ground under one's feet, land" in Proto-Austronesian via the regular change of ''*t'' to ''k''. This is supported by the Ambel cognate ''Báyt''. Dialects There are a number of different dialects of Biak spoken on various different islands, the most well-known being Biak-Numfoor, spoken on the island of Numfoor. These dialect difference ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cenderawasih Languages
The Cenderawasih languages, also known as Nuclear Cenderawasih Bay languages and approximately synonymous with West New Guinea languages, are a branch of Austronesian languages of Indonesia, found in the islands and shoreline of Cenderawasih Bay in the provinces of West Papua, Central Papua and Papua. Most of the languages are only known from short word lists, but Biak, Wamesa, and Wooi are fairly well attested. Historical morphology Reconstructions of subject markers and inalienable possessive markers for Cenderawasih Bay proto-languages according to Kamholz (2015). Note that V = vocalic conjugation, C = consonantal conjugation: Proto-Cenderawasih Bay: : : Proto-Biakic: : : Proto-Southwest Cenderawasih Bay: : : Proto-Yaur-Yerisiam: : : Languages From Kamholz (2024): *Nuclear Cenderawasih Bay **Biakic *** Biak (Numfor) *** Dusner *** Meoswar *** Roon ** Yapen (see more) **Southwest Cenderawasih Bay *** Umar ***Yaur-Yerisiam **** Yaur **** Yerisiam Further r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bird's Head
The Bird's Head Peninsula ( Indonesian: , , meaning Bird's Head in Indonesian and Dutch) or Doberai Peninsula (''Semenanjung Doberai'') is a large peninsula that makes up the northwest portion of the island of New Guinea, comprising the Indonesian provinces of Southwest Papua and West Papua. It is often referred to as The Vogelkop, and is so named because its shape looks like a bird's head on the island of New Guinea. The peninsula at the opposite end of the island (in Papua New Guinea) is called the Bird's Tail Peninsula. The peninsula just to the south is called the Bomberai Peninsula. Location and geography The Bird's Head Peninsula is at the northwestern end of the island of New Guinea. It is bounded by Cenderawasih Bay to the east, Bintuni Bay to the south, and the Dampier Strait to the west. Across the strait is Waigeo, an island in the Raja Ampat archipelago. Batanta island lies just off the peninsula’s northwest tip. Another peninsula, Bomberai Peninsula, l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Timor–Alor–Pantar Languages
The Timor–Alor–Pantar (TAP) languages are a language family, family of languages spoken in Timor, Kisar, and the Alor archipelago in Southern Indonesia. It is the westernmost Papuan languages, Papuan language family that survives (see Tambora language, Tambora), and one of two such outlier families in east Nusantara (the other being the North Halmahera languages, North Halmahera family). The first classification attempts linked Timor–Alor–Pantar to North Halmahera, as well as other members of the proposed West Papuan languages, West Papuan phylum. The two families are arguably the only linguistic groups that can be linked to the Papuan families of Melanesia, none of which have demonstrable relatives outside of Oceania. More recent proposals have considered Timor–Alor–Pantar to be part of the Trans-New Guinea languages, Trans–New Guinea phylum. However, Holton and Klamer (2018) classify Timor–Alor–Pantar as an independent language family, as they did not find con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
South Bird's Head Languages
The South Bird's Head or South Doberai languages are three language family, families of Papuan languages. They form part of the Trans–New Guinea languages in the classifications of Malcolm Ross (linguist), Malcolm Ross (2005) and Timothy Usher (2020), though Pawley and Hammarström (2018) do not consider them to be part of Trans–New Guinea. However, according to Matthew Dryer, Dryer (2022), based on a preliminary quantitative analysis of data from the ASJP database, South Bird's Head languages are likely to be a subgroup of Trans–New Guinea. Languages The languages are as follows, * South Bird's Head ** Konda-Yahadian languages, Konda-Yahadian (Yabin): Konda language (Papuan), Konda, Yahadian language, Yahadian ** Inanwatan languages, Inanwatan (West South Bird's Head): Duriankere language, Duriankere, Inanwatan language, Inanwatan (Suabo) ** Nuclear South Bird's Head languages, South Bird's Head proper (East South Bird's Head): *** Kais language, Kais (Kampong Baru) *** I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abun Language
Abun, also known as Yimbun, Anden, Manif, or Karon Pantai, is a Papuan language spoken by the Abun people along the northern coast of the Bird's Head Peninsula in Sausapor District, Tambrauw Regency. It is not closely related to any other language, and though Ross (2005) assigned it to the West Papuan family, based on similarities in pronouns, Palmer (2018), ''Ethnologue'', and Glottolog list it as a language isolate. Abun used to have three lexical tones, but only two are distinguished now as minimal pairs and even these are found in limited vocabulary. Therefore, Abun is said to be losing its tonality due to linguistic change. Being spoken along the coast of northwestern New Guinea, Abun is in contact with Austronesian languages; maritime vocabulary in Abun has been borrowed from Biak. Setting and dialects The speakers number about 3,000 spread across 18 villages and several isolated hamlets. The Abun area occupies a stretch of the northern coast of the Bird's Head Pen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mpur Language
Mpur (also known as ''Amberbaken'', ''Kebar, Ekware,'' and ''Dekwambre'') is a language isolate spoken in and around Mpur and Amberbaken Districts in Tambrauw Regency of the Bird's Head Peninsula, New Guinea. It is not closely related to any other language, and though Ross (2005) tentatively assigned it to the West Papuan languages, based on similarities in pronouns, Palmer (2018), ''Ethnologue'', and ''Glottolog'' list it as a language isolate. Locations In Tambrauw Regency Tambrauw Regency () is a Regencies of Indonesia, regency of Southwest Papua Province, Indonesia, in the Bird's Head Peninsula of Papua Island. It was created on 29 October 2008 from what had been an eastern part of Sorong Regency, originally as pa ..., ethnic Mpur people reside in Kebar District, Kebar Timur District, Manekar District, Amberbaken District, Mubrani District, and Senopi District. Villages include Akmuri, Nekori, Ibuanari, Atai, Anjai, Jandurau, Ajami, Inam, Senopi, Asiti, Wausin, and Afrawi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maybrat Language
Maybrat is a Papuan languages, Papuan language spoken in the central parts of the Bird's Head Peninsula in the Indonesian province of Southwest Papua. Maybrat is also known as Ayamaru, after the name of its principal dialect, while the divergent Karon Dori dialect has sometimes been counted as a separate language. Maybrat has not been demonstrated to be related to any other language, and so is often considered a language isolate. Nevertheless, in its grammatical structure, it has a number of features that are shared with the neighbouring languages. Maybrat is characterised by a relatively small consonant inventory and an avoidance of most types of consonant clusters. There are two Grammatical gender, genders: masculine and unmarked. Verbs and inalienable possession, inalienably possessed nouns alike take Grammatical person, person prefixes. There is an elaborate system of demonstratives (words like "this" or "that"), with encoding for distance from the speaker, specificity, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hatam–Mansim Languages
Hatam–Mansim is a small language family of Western New Guinea, consisting of two languages: * Hatam * Mansim (Borai) Ross (2005) tentatively classified Hatam as a branch of the West Papuan family, based on similarities in pronouns (he did not consider Mansim), but ''Glottolog ''Glottolog'' is an open-access online bibliographic database of the world's languages. In addition to listing linguistic materials ( grammars, articles, dictionaries) describing individual languages, the database also contains the most up-to-d ...'' continues to list Hatam–Mansim as an independent family. Following Reesink (2002), ''Glottolog'' lists Mansim as a language distinct from Hattam: "comparisons of old wordlists (e.g. von der Gabelentz & Meyer 1882) readily confirm this difference."Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices See also * Mantion–Meax languages References * {{DEFAULTSORT:Hatam-Mansim languages East Bird's Head ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
