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Topical Decongestants
Topical decongestants are decongestants applied directly to the nasal cavity. Their effectiveness by themselves in the common cold appears to have a small benefit in adults. Topical decongestants should only be used by patients for a maximum of 5–7 days in a row, because rebound congestion may occur in the form of rhinitis medicamentosa. When used in adults for a short period of time side effects appear to be few. Mechanism of action Topical decongestants are vasoconstrictors, and work by constricting the blood vessels within the nasal cavity. Examples * Ephedrine * Levmetamfetamine * Naphazoline * Oxymetazoline * Phenylephrine * Propylhexedrine * Pseudoephedrine * Tramazoline * Xylometazoline See also * Decongestant * Nasal irrigation * Nasal spray Nasal sprays are used to deliver medications Route of administration#Local, locally in the nasal cavities or systemic administration, systemically. They are used locally for conditions such as nasal congestion and allergic rhin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Decongestant
A decongestant, or nasal decongestant, is a type of pharmaceutical drug that is used to relieve nasal congestion in the upper respiratory tract. The active ingredient in most decongestants is either pseudoephedrine or phenylephrine (the latter of which has disputed effectiveness). Intranasal corticosteroids can also be used as decongestants and antihistamines can be used to alleviate runny nose, nasal itch, and sneezing. Topical decongestants on topical application as dilute solution (0.05–0.1%) produce local vasoconstriction. Regular use of decongestants for long periods should be avoided because mucosal ciliary function is impaired: atrophic rhinitis and anosmia (loss of the sense of smell) can occur due to persistent vasoconstriction. Decongestants can be absorbed from the nose via an inhaler and produce systemic effects, mainly central nervous system stimulation and rise in blood pressure. These drugs should be used cautiously in hypertensives and in those receiving ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phenylephrine
Phenylephrine, sold under the brand names Neosynephrine and Sudafed PE among others, is a medication used as a decongestant for uncomplicated nasal congestion in the form of a nasal spray or oral tablet, to dilate the pupil, to increase blood pressure given intravenously in cases of low blood pressure, and to relieve hemorrhoids as a suppository. It can also be applied to the skin. Common side effects when taken by mouth or injected include nausea, vomiting, headache, and anxiety. Use on hemorrhoids is generally well tolerated. Severe side effects may include a slow heart rate, intestinal ischemia, chest pain, kidney failure, and tissue death at the site of injection. It is unclear whether its use during pregnancy and breastfeeding is safe. Phenylephrine is a selective α1-adrenergic receptor agonist with minimal to no β-adrenergic receptor agonist activity or induction of norepinephrine release. It causes constriction of both arteries and veins. Phenylephrine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nasal Irrigation
Nasal irrigation (also called nasal lavage, nasal toilet, or nasal douche) is a personal hygiene practice in which the nasal cavity is washed to flush out mucus and debris from the nose and sinuses, in order to enhance nasal breathing. Nasal irrigation can also refer to the use of saline nasal spray or nebulizers to moisten the mucous membranes. Medical uses Nasal irrigation can be an effective therapy to relieve symptoms of acute sinusitis caused by upper respiratory tract infections such as the common cold. The evidence for effectiveness in relieving chronic sinusitis is weak. It can also be useful for the temporary relief of the symptoms associated with allergic rhinitis. Adverse effects Adverse effects include nasal irritation, nosebleeds, headache, and drainage after the irrigation is done. It is generally well tolerated. There is a risk of infection if the water is not sterile or the device is not cleaned after use. If the device is used improperly this can be h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Decongestant
A decongestant, or nasal decongestant, is a type of pharmaceutical drug that is used to relieve nasal congestion in the upper respiratory tract. The active ingredient in most decongestants is either pseudoephedrine or phenylephrine (the latter of which has disputed effectiveness). Intranasal corticosteroids can also be used as decongestants and antihistamines can be used to alleviate runny nose, nasal itch, and sneezing. Topical decongestants on topical application as dilute solution (0.05–0.1%) produce local vasoconstriction. Regular use of decongestants for long periods should be avoided because mucosal ciliary function is impaired: atrophic rhinitis and anosmia (loss of the sense of smell) can occur due to persistent vasoconstriction. Decongestants can be absorbed from the nose via an inhaler and produce systemic effects, mainly central nervous system stimulation and rise in blood pressure. These drugs should be used cautiously in hypertensives and in those receiving ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xylometazoline
Xylometazoline, also spelled xylomethazoline, is a medication used to reduce symptoms of nasal congestion, allergic rhinitis, and sinusitis. It is used directly in the nose as a spray or drops. Side effects include trouble sleeping, irritation of the nose, nausea, nosebleed (3%), period pain (10%) and headache (3%). Long term use (> 10 days) is not recommended due to a rhinitis medicamentosa when stopped. Use is not recommended during pregnancy. Xylometazoline is in the decongestant and alpha-adrenergic agonist families of medication. One study classified it with selectivity ratios in alpha 2 adrenergic receptors of 151 for a2A vs a2B, 4.5 a2A vs a2C, and 33.9 a2B vs a2C. Making it a highly selective a2A agonist. Xylometazoline was patented in 1956 and came into medical use in 1959. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Xylometazoline is available as a generic medication. Mechanism of action Xylometazoline works by stimulating adrenergic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tramazoline
Tramazoline is a chemical that is used in the form of tramazoline hydrochloride in nasal decongestant preparations. It is an α-adrenergic receptor agonist that inhibits secretion of nasal mucus. It was patented in 1961 and came into medical use in 1962. Society and culture Brand names *Australia ** Spray-Tish ** Rhinaspray *Austria ** Rhinorix *Belgium ** Rhinospray *Bulgaria ** Muconasal Plus *Czech Republic ** Muconasal Plus *Germany ** Biciron ** Ellatun ** Rhinospray *Hungary ** Rhinospray Plus *Italy ** Rinogutt ** Fexallegra nasale (Tramazoline + Chlorpheniramine, 1 mg/mL + 3.55 mg/mL) *The Netherlands **Bisolnasal *Portugal ** Rhinospray *Romania ** Muconasal Plus (older) ** Muconasal (newer) *Russia ** Adrianol (tramazoline + phenylephrine Phenylephrine, sold under the brand names Neosynephrine and Sudafed PE among others, is a medication used as a decongestant for uncomplicated nasal congestion in the form of a nasal spray or oral tablet, to dilat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine, sold under the brand name Sudafed among others, is a sympathomimetic medication which is used as a decongestant to treat nasal congestion. It has also been used off-label for certain other indications, like treatment of low blood pressure. At higher doses, it may produce various additional effects including stimulant, appetite suppressant, and performance-enhancing effects. In relation to this, non-medical use of pseudoephedrine has been encountered. The medication is taken by mouth. Side effects of pseudoephedrine include insomnia, elevated heart rate, increased blood pressure, restlessness, dizziness, anxiety, and dry mouth, among others. Rarely, pseudoephedrine has been associated with serious cardiovascular complications like heart attack and hemorrhagic stroke. Some people may be more sensitive to its cardiovascular effects. Pseudoephedrine acts as a norepinephrine releasing agent, thereby indirectly activating adrenergic receptors. As such, it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Propylhexedrine
Propylhexedrine, sold under the brand name Benzedrex among others, is an alkylamine primarily utilized as a topical nasal decongestant. Its main indications are relief of congestion due to colds, allergies, and allergic rhinitis. Propylhexedrine was first used medically in 1949, with the release of Benzedrex by Smith, Kline & French, and it has been used, mainly within the United States, since then. Medical use Propylhexedrine is used to treat acute nasal congestion related to the common cold, allergies, and hay fever. For nasal congestion, the dosage is listed as four inhalations (two inhalations per nostril) every two hours for adults and children 6–12 years of age. Each inhalation delivers 0.4 to 0.5 mg (400 to 500 ''μ''g) in 800 mL of air. Use is not to exceed three days. Historically, it has also been used for weight loss in oral tablet preparations at a dose of 25 mg. No medications containing propylhexedrine are currently approved for weight loss in any country sin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxymetazoline
Oxymetazoline, sold under the brand name Afrin among others, is a topical decongestant and vasoconstrictor medication. It is available over-the-counter as a nasal spray to treat nasal congestion and nosebleeds, as eye drops to treat eye redness due to minor irritation, and (in the United States) as a prescription topical cream to treat persistent facial redness due to rosacea in adults. Its effects begin within minutes and last for up to six hours. Intranasal use for longer than three to five days may cause congestion to recur or worsen, resulting in physical dependence. Oxymetazoline is a derivative of imidazole. It was developed from xylometazoline at Merck by Wolfgang Fruhstorfer and Helmut Müller-Calgan in 1961. A direct sympathomimetic, oxymetazoline binds to and activates α1 adrenergic receptors and α2 adrenergic receptors, most notably. One study classified it in the following order: α(2A) > α(1A) ≥ α(2B) > α(1D) ≥ α(2C) >> α(1B), but this is not univer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nasal Cavity
The nasal cavity is a large, air-filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face. The nasal septum divides the cavity into two cavities, also known as fossae. Each cavity is the continuation of one of the two nostrils. The nasal cavity is the uppermost part of the respiratory system and provides the nasal passage for inhaled air from the nostrils to the nasopharynx and rest of the respiratory tract. The paranasal sinuses surround and drain into the nasal cavity. Structure The term "nasal cavity" can refer to each of the two cavities of the nose, or to the two sides combined. The lateral wall of each nasal cavity mainly consists of the maxilla. However, there is a deficiency that is compensated for by the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone, the medial pterygoid plate, the labyrinth of ethmoid and the inferior concha. The paranasal sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity through small orifices called ostia. Most of these ostia communicat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Naphazoline
Naphazoline is a medicine used as a decongestant, and a vasoconstrictor added to eye drops to relieve red eye. It has a rapid action in reducing swelling when applied to mucous membranes. It is a sympathomimetic agent with marked alpha adrenergic activity that acts on alpha-receptors in the arterioles of the conjunctiva to produce constriction, resulting in decreased congestion. It was patented in 1934 and came into medical use in 1942. Medical uses Nasal administration Nasal decongestant. Ophthalmic drug administration Eye drops (brand names Clear Eyes, and Cleari) narrowing swollen blood vessels ( ophthalmic arteries, and ophthalmic veins) to relieve red eye. Temporary red eye can safely be treated when the cause of the redness is established (e.g. cannabis induced conjunctival vasodilation). However, continuous use is not recommended without knowing an underlying condition. Side effects A few warnings and contraindications that apply to all naphazoline-containing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Levmetamfetamine
Levomethamphetamine ( INN: levmetamfetamine) is an optical isomer of methamphetamine primarily used as a topical nasal decongestant. Levomethamphetamine is used to treat nasal congestion from allergies and the common cold. It was first used medically as decongestant beginning in 1958 and has been used for such purposes, primarily in the United States, since then. Medical uses Levomethamphetamine is used to treat nasal congestion related to the common cold and allergic rhinitis. It is available in the form of an inhaler containing 50mg total per inhaler and delivering between 0.04 and 0.15mg of the drug per inhalation. Inhalers with a total of 113mg levomethamphetamine were previously marketed in the United States, but the total amount was eventually reduced to 50mg. Side effects When the nasal decongestant is taken in excess, levomethamphetamine has potential side effects. These would be similar to those of other decongestants. Pharmacology Pharmacodynamics Levomethampheta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
