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Constantin Pîrvulescu
Constantin Pîrvulescu (November 10, 1895 – July 11, 1992) was a Romanian communist politician and one of the founders of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR), who, as time went on, became an active opponent of leader Nicolae Ceaușescu. Briefly expelled from the party in 1960, he was re-admitted and elected to the Party Revision Committee in 1974. In April 1944, acting on the orders of the still imprisoned Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, Pîrvulescu, along with Iosif Rangheț and Emil Bodnăraș, captured and deposed PCR general secretary Ștefan Foriș at gunpoint forcing him to resign his position due to charges by Gheorghiu-Dej that he was a police informer. Pîrvulescu, Rangheț, and Bodnăraș, as a troika, replaced him as a provisional secretariat until Gheorghiu-Dej escaped from prison and took up the position of general secretary of the party in September 1944. In November 1979, at the 12th Party Congress, Pîrvulescu took the floor advocating against the re-election of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Romanians
Romanians (, ; dated Endonym and exonym, exonym ''Vlachs'') are a Romance languages, Romance-speaking ethnic group and nation native to Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. Sharing a Culture of Romania, common culture and Cultural heritage, ancestry, they speak the Romanian language and live primarily in Romania and Moldova. The 2021 Romanian census found that 89.3% of Romania's citizens identified themselves as ethnic Romanians. In one interpretation of the 1989 census results in Moldova, the majority of Moldovans were counted as ethnic Romanians as well.''Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook By'' David Levinson (author), David Levinson, Published 1998 – Greenwood Publishing Group.At the time of the 1989 census, Moldova's total population was 4,335,400. The largest nationality in the republic, ethnic Romanians, numbered 2,795,000 persons, accounting for 64.5 percent of the population. Source U.S. Library of Congres ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Troika
Troika or troyka (from Russian тройка, meaning 'a set of three' or the digit '3') may refer to: * Troika (driving), a traditional Russian harness driving combination, a cultural icon of Russia Politics * Triumvirate, a political regime ruled or dominated by three powerful individuals, usually ''troika'' in the context of the Soviet Union and Russia * Troika (Bosnia and Herzegovina), a three-party alliance in Bosnia and Herzegovina * Troika (Soviet leadership), one of the temporary triumvirates in the Soviet Union * Troika (Tunisia), a three-party alliance that governed Tunisia from 2011 to 2014 * European troika, the decision group formed by the European Commission (EC), the European Central Bank (ECB) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) * OSCE troika, the leadership of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe: the chairman-in-office and the previous and incoming chairmen-in-office * NKVD troika, a commission of three for express judgment in the Sov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Voice Of America
Voice of America (VOA or VoA) is an international broadcasting network funded by the federal government of the United States that by law has editorial independence from the government. It is the largest and oldest of the American international broadcasters, producing digital, TV, and radio content in 48 languages for affiliate stations around the world.* * by * Its targeted and primary audience is non-Americans outside the American borders, especially those living in countries without press freedom or independent journalism. VOA was established in 1942, during World War II. Building on American use of shortwave radio during the war, it initially served as an anti-propaganda tool against Axis misinformation but expanded to include other forms of content like American music programs for cultural diplomacy. During the Cold War, its operations expanded in an effort to fight communism and played a role in the decline of communism in several countries. Throughout its operation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) is a media organization broadcasting news and analyses in 27 languages to 23 countries across Eastern Europe, Central Asia, the Caucasus, and the Middle East. Headquartered in Prague since 1995, RFE/RL operates 21 local bureaus with over 500 core staff, 1,300 freelancers, and 680 employees. Nicola Careem serves as the editor-in-chief. Founded during the Cold War, RFE began in 1949 targeting Soviet empire, Soviet satellite states, while RL, established in 1951, focused on the Soviet Union. Initially funded covertly by the Central Intelligence Agency, CIA until 1972, the two merged in 1976. RFE/RL was headquartered in Munich from 1949 to 1995, with additional broadcasts from Portugal's Glória do Ribatejo until 1996. Soviet authorities jammed their signals, and Second World, communist regimes often infiltrated their operations. Today, RFE/RL is a private 501(c)(3) corporation supervised by the United States Agency for Global Media, which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Silviu Brucan
Silviu Brucan (born Saul Bruckner; 18 January 1916 – 14 September 2006) was a Romanian communist politician. He became a critic of the dictatorship of Nicolae Ceaușescu. After the Romanian Revolution, Brucan became a political analyst. Early life He was born in Bucharest to wealthy Jewish parents living in Berzei Street, near Matache Măcelaru Market.Brucan, p.7 His father was a wholesale wool merchant who imported fabrics from England in the aftermath of World War I, suits of fine English fabrics being a luxury item that was popular among the Romanian bourgeoisie that was rising in the wake of an economic boom. He attended the German-language ''Evangelische Schule'' of Luterană Street and the Saint Sava National College. In 1929 came the Wall Street Crash, leading to the Great Depression and a slump in the luxury industry, including English clothes. As a result, Brucan's father's shop in Șepcari Street went bankrupt, and the Brucan family was left penniless.Brucan, p. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Corneliu Mănescu
Corneliu Mănescu (8 February 1916 – 26 June 2000) was a Romanian diplomat born in Ploiești. He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania from 1961 to 1972 and as President of the United Nations General Assembly from 19 September 1967 to 23 September 1968. Life and political career After completing his secondary studies in Ploiești, Mănescu went on to study law and economics at the University of Bucharest from 1936 to 1940. He joined the Romanian Communist Party in 1936. While a student, he began writing for leftist publications, mostly about international relations. He was the leader of the Bucharest Communist students' organization until 1940. In 1944 he was working at the Central Statistics Bureau, and in 1948 he was appointed as one of the vice ministers of the Ministry of National Defence, with the rank of lieutenant colonel. Promoted shortly after to colonel, he served from 1950 to 1952 as head of the National Military Circle. In 1959 he was named chief of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grigore Răceanu
Grigore Ion Răceanu (1906–1996) was a Romanian communist politician and opponent of Nicolae Ceaușescu. Born in Cojocna, Cluj County, he became a train driver for Căile Ferate Române. He was also a trade union leader, being one of the organizers of the strikes of Cluj in 1929-1933. He became a member of the underground Romanian Communist Party in 1936. Toward the end of the 1930s, he moved to Brașov, where he worked for Industria Aeronautică Română. In September 1940, he organized a protest in Brașov against the Second Vienna Award.''Plai cu Boi'', nr. 12, Ultimul condamnat la moarte'' – an interview with Mircea Răceanu During World War II, Răceanu lived in Bucharest, where his views conflicted with those of Ștefan Foriș, the leader of the Communist Party. Răceanu criticized the stance of the party on its obedience to the orders of the Soviet Union, especially on the annexation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina in June 1940. Due to this, in 1942, he was exclud ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexandru Bârlădeanu
Alexandru Bârlădeanu (or ''Bîrlădeanu''; 25 January 1911 – 13 November 1997) was a Romanian Marxian economist and statesman who was prominent during the communist regime until being sidelined in 1968. In his later years, following the collapse of the regime, he served as Senate President. Biography Origins and early career Bârlădeanu was born into a family of teachers in Comrat in the Imperial Russian province of Bessarabia. Lavinia Betea"Alexandru Bârlădeanu: Spion, speculant, retrograd, degradat cinic și moral" ''Jurnalul Național'', 18 June 2010; accessed April 3, 2012 Dan DrăghiaBiographyat the 1990 Mineriad section of the Institute for the Investigation of Communist Crimes and the Memory of the Romanian Exile site; accessed April 3, 2012 According to an interview he gave late in life, he was neither Gagauz nor Jewish, as sometimes claimed, but an ethnic Romanian. His great-grandfather came from the Bârlad area but settled in Bessarabia, while his mother w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gheorghe Apostol
Gheorghe Apostol (16 May 1913 – 21 August 2010) was a Romanian politician, deputy Prime Minister of Romania and a former leader of the Communist Party (PCR), noted for his rivalry with Nicolae Ceaușescu. Early life Apostol was born near Tudor Vladimirescu, Galați County. After training at the Căile Ferate Române (CFR) school, he worked in a CFR foundry in Galați. In 1932, Apostol met Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, and became involved in the communist underground. He joined the Party in 1934 and became its link with the railway trade unions and left-leaning groups in Galați. Arrested several times, Apostol was sentenced in 1937 to three years in prison, which he served in Galați and Doftana. His activities upon his release from jail got him interned in camps for political prisoners, at Târgu Jiu, Caracal, and Miercurea Ciuc. In August 1944, as the Red Army was approaching the Romanian border, Apostol and several communist figures who were being detained at Târgu Jiu es ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Letter Of The Six
The Letter of the Six (Romanian: ''Scrisoarea celor șase'') was an open letter signed in March 1989 by six former high-ranking Romanian Communist Party dignitaries: Gheorghe Apostol, Alexandru Bârlădeanu, Silviu Brucan, Corneliu Mănescu, Constantin Pîrvulescu and Grigore Răceanu.Mirona Hrițcu, "Silviu Brucan e gata să-și îngroape profeția" ("Silviu Brucan Is About to Outlive His Prophecy") in '''', February 5, 2005 [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Open Letter
An open letter is a Letter (message), letter that is intended to be read by a wide audience, or a letter intended for an individual, but that is nonetheless widely distributed intentionally. Open letters usually take the form of a letter (message), letter addressed to an individual but are provided to the public through newspapers and other media, such as a letter to the editor or blog. Critical open letters addressed to political leaders are especially common. Two of the most famous and influential open letters are ''J'accuse...!'' by Émile Zola to the president of France, accusing the French government of wrongfully convicting Alfred Dreyfus for alleged espionage; and Martin Luther King Jr.'s 1963 "Letter from Birmingham Jail", including the famous quotation "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere". Context In previous centuries, Letter (message), letter writing was a significant form of communication. Letters were normally kept private between the sender and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jurnalul Național
''Jurnalul Național'' is a Romanian newspaper, part of the INTACT Media Group led by Dan Voiculescu, which also includes the popular television station Antena 1. The newspaper was launched in 1993. Its headquarters is in Bucharest Bucharest ( , ; ) is the capital and largest city of Romania. The metropolis stands on the River Dâmbovița (river), Dâmbovița in south-eastern Romania. Its population is officially estimated at 1.76 million residents within a greater Buc .... The newspaper had a circulation of 30,000 copies, one of the highest circulation of any newspaper in Romania. References External links * 1993 establishments in Romania Newspapers published in Bucharest Newspapers established in 1993 Romanian-language newspapers {{romania-newspaper-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
