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Community Policing
Community policing is a philosophy and organizational strategy whereby law enforcement cooperates with community groups and citizens in producing safety and security. The theory underlying community policing is that it makes citizens more likely to cooperate with police by changing public perceptions of both the intention and capacity of the police. The theory is also that it changes attitudes of police officers and increases accountability. Scholarship has raised questions about whether community policing leads to improved outcomes. History Values of community policing have been linked to Sir Robert Peel's 1829 Peelian Principles, most notably John Alderson, the former Chief Constable of Devon and Cornwall Police. Peel's ideas included that the police needed to seek the cooperation of the public and prioritize crime prevention. The term "community policing" came into use in the late 20th century, and then only as a response to a preceding philosophy of police organization. I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Robert Peel
Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet (5 February 1788 – 2 July 1850), was a British Conservative statesman who twice was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1834–1835, 1841–1846), and simultaneously was Chancellor of the Exchequer (1834–1835). He previously was Home Secretary twice (1822–1827, 1828–1830). He is regarded as the father of modern British policing, owing to his founding of the Metropolitan Police while he was Home Secretary. Peel was one of the founders of the modern Conservative Party. The son of a wealthy textile manufacturer and politician, Peel was the first prime minister from an industrial business background. He earned a double first in classics and mathematics from Christ Church, Oxford. He entered the House of Commons in 1809 and became a rising star in the Tory Party. Peel entered the Cabinet as home secretary (1822–1827), where he reformed and liberalised the criminal law and created the modern police force, leading to a new type of officer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United States Department Of Justice
The United States Department of Justice (DOJ), also known as the Justice Department, is a United States federal executive departments, federal executive department of the U.S. government that oversees the domestic enforcement of Law of the United States, federal laws and the administration of justice. It is equivalent to the Ministry of justice, justice or interior ministries of other countries. The department is headed by the U.S. attorney general, who reports directly to the president of the United States and is a member of the president's United States Cabinet, Cabinet. Pam Bondi has served as U.S. attorney general since February 4, 2025. The Justice Department contains most of the United States' Federal law enforcement in the United States, federal law enforcement agencies, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the U.S. Marshals Service, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, the Drug Enforcement Administration, and the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Evidence-based Policing
Evidence-based policing (EBP) is an approach to policy making and tactical decision-making for police departments. It has its roots in the larger movement towards evidence-based practices. Advocates of evidence-based policing emphasize the value of statistical analysis, empirical research, and ideally randomized controlled trials. EBP does not dismiss more traditional drivers of police decision-making, but seeks to raise awareness and increase the application of scientific testing, targeting, and tracking of police resources, especially during times of budget cuts and greater public scrutiny. Origins Experiments had been used in earlier decades to find better policing methods, before Lawrence Sherman first outlined a definition of "evidence-based policing" in 1998. The Police Foundation was founded in 1970. In 1971-72 the Police Foundation worked with the Kansas City Police Department to carry out a landmark study on patrol cars in what is known as the Kansas City preventi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Copaganda
Copaganda (a portmanteau of '' cop'' and ''propaganda)'' is propaganda efforts to shape public opinion about police or counter criticism of police and anti-police sentiment. The term is mostly used in the United States, though also in other countries such as the United Kingdom, the Philippines, and Canada to criticize news media creating one-sided depictions of police, uncritically repeating police narratives, or minimizing police misconduct. It has also been applied to human interest stories and viral videos of police performing wholesome activities in their communities. Fictional depictions of police, especially in police procedurals and legal dramas, have been criticized for portraying police as infallible heroes and reinforcing misconceptions about crime rates, minority groups, and police misconduct. History Brenden Gallagher for ''The Daily Dot'' cites "saving kittens" stories and "Christmas gift surprise" stunts as "age-old versions of what we’re seeing today" and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Police Culture
Police culture is the set of values, norms, and perspectives that inform police conduct. Police culture has a great effect on how police officers exercise their power and discretion about which crimes to pay attention to and how suspects are treated while in their custody. As a result, police culture has become increasingly and internationally important in both academic and policy discussion of policing. Studies of a police culture that is distinct from the culture of the general public began in the United States and the United Kingdom in the 1960s. By the early 21st century the concept had been widely accepted as orthodoxy in the field of police studies. Understanding of police culture is an important element of police reform. History of study Early academic work in police sociology was carried out in the 1960s, especially in the United States and Great Britain. These early empirical ethnographies challenged the prevailing notion at the time that police forces were "rule-boun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peter Waddington
Peter Anthony James "Tank" Waddington (6 March 1947 – 21 March 2018), often credited as P. A. J. Waddington was a British police officer and later an academic at the University of Wolverhampton, in the United Kingdom. He is known for his research and works on policing and social policy; in particular he is credited for inventing the controversial police tactic of kettling. Academic career Waddington began his career in 1963, as a Police Cadet and later Police Constable, in Birmingham City Police. He left in 1969, after gaining a BSc in sociology from the University of London. He continued his studies in sociology at the University of Leeds in 1970, and after attaining his master's degree, became a Research Officer (1970–73) and later Research Fellow (1973–74) at Leeds. By 1974, he was lecturing at the university. He completed his PhD in ''The Occupational Socialization of Prison Governor Grades'', at Leeds in 1977. In 1976, Waddington left for a new post at the University o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michigan State University
Michigan State University (Michigan State or MSU) is a public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in East Lansing, Michigan, United States. It was founded in 1855 as the Agricultural College of the State of Michigan, the first of its kind in the country. After the introduction of the Morrill Land-Grant Acts, Morrill Act in 1862, the state designated the college a land-grant institution in 1863, making it the first of the land-grant colleges in the United States. The college became coeducational in 1870. Today, Michigan State has facilities all across the state and over 634,000 alumni. Michigan State is a member of the Association of American Universities and is Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". The university's campus houses the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, the W. J. Beal Botanical Garden, the Abrams Planetarium, the Wharton Center f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Equity
Social equity is concerned with justice and Social justice, fairness of social policy based on the principle of substantive equality. Since the 1960s, the concept of social equity has been used in a variety of institutional contexts, including education and public administration. Social equity within a society is different from social equality based on formal equality of opportunity. Providing Hearing aid, hearing aids for the Deafness, deaf would be considered social equity as it furthers the ability of people to equally partake in society, whereas if they received no aid, they would be treated completely equally to others, but they would not have these opportunities. Overview Definitions of social equity differ, but they all emphasize justice and fairness. Equity includes the role of public administrators, who are tasked with ensuring that social services are distributed fairly. This means considering historical and current inequalities among groups, as fairness is influenced by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Incident-Based Reporting System
National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) is an incident-based reporting system used by law enforcement agencies in the United States for collecting and reporting data on crimes. Local, state and federal agencies generate NIBRS data from their records management systems. Data is collected on every incident and arrest in the Group A offense category. These Group A offenses are 52 offenses grouped in 23 crime categories. Specific facts about these offenses are gathered and reported to NIBRS. In addition to the Group A offenses, 10 Group B offenses are reported with only the arrest information. History Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) began in the late 1920s when the Committee on Uniform Crime Records, established by the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) in 1927, published the first version of the ''Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook''. With this initiative, the Uniform Crime Reporting program began under the jurisdiction of the FBI, Federal Bureau of Investigation. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uniform Crime Reports
The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program compiles official data on crime in the United States, published by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). UCR is "a nationwide, cooperative statistical effort of nearly 18,000 city, university and college, county, state, Federally recognized tribes, tribal, and federal law enforcement agencies voluntarily reporting data on crimes brought to their attention". Crime statistics are compiled from UCR data and published annually by the FBI in the ''Crime in the United States'' series. The FBI does not collect the data itself. Rather, Law enforcement in the United States, law enforcement agencies across the United States provide the data to the FBI, which then compiles the Reports. The Uniform Crime Reporting program began in 1929, and since then has become an important source of crime information for law enforcement, policymakers, scholars, and the media. History Formation by the IACP & SSRC and Initial Reports (1927-1930) The UCR Pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neighborhood Watch
A neighborhood watch or neighbourhood watch (see American and British English spelling differences#-our, -or, spelling differences), also called a crime watch or neighbourhood crime watch, is an organized group of civilians devoted to crime and vandalism prevention within a neighborhood. The aim of neighborhood watch includes educating residents of a community on security and safety and achieving safe and secure neighborhoods. However, when a criminal activity is suspected, members are encouraged to report to authorities, and not to intervene. Organization A neighborhood watch may be organized as its own group or may simply be a function of a neighborhood association or other community association. While not all neighborhood watch groups are vigilantes, some are and use vigilante practices in order for them to handle crime in their neighborhoods. In the United States, neighborhood watch groups increased in popularity throughout the 1980s and 1990s in part as a response to t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
