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Codetermination Act 1976
Mitbestimmungsgesetz 1976 or the Codetermination Act 1976 is a German law that requires companies of over 2000 employees to have half the supervisory board of directors as representatives of workers, and just under half the votes. Background From 1922 to 1933, and again from 1951 Germany had had board level codetermination laws, inspired by collective agreements between worker unions and management. The 1919 Weimar Constitution said that, “Workers and employees shall be called upon to cooperate in common with employers, and on an equal footing, in the regulation of salaries and working conditions, as well as in the entire field of the economic development of the forces of production.” The coal and steel industry had required half worker and half shareholder seats on the company supervisory board, but outside these sectors, the Works Constitution Act 1952 merely required one third representation. By 1976, and given the success of worker participation, the governing social-lib ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
German Law
The law of Germany (), that being the modern German legal system (), is a system of civil law which is founded on the principles laid out by the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, though many of the most important laws, for example most regulations of the civil code (''Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch'', or BGB) were developed prior to the 1949 constitution. It is composed of public law (''öffentliches Recht''), which regulates the relations between a citizen/person and the state (including criminal law) or two bodies of the state, and the private law, (''Privatrecht'') which regulates the relations between two people or companies. It has been subject to a wide array of influences from Roman law, such as the Justinian Code the Corpus Juris Civilis, and to a lesser extent the Napoleonic Code. History German law has been subject to many influences over the centuries. Until Medieval times the Early Germanic Law, derived from the Salic Law of the Salian Franks and oth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien
A (abbreviated KG, ; from + ) is the German name for a limited partnership Types of business entity, business entity and is used in Germany, German, Belgium, Belgian, Netherlands, Dutch, Austrian, and some other European Union, European law, legal systems. In Japan, it is called a ''gōshi gaisha''. Its name derives from the commenda, an early Italian medieval form of limited partnership. In Indonesia, it is legally called ''commanditaire vennootschap'' (CV) or ''Persekutuan Komanditer'', derived from colonial Dutch administration. Description Partnerships may be formed in the legal forms of General Partnership (, GbR), or specialized in trading (, OHG), or Limited Partnership (''Kommanditgesellschaft'', KG). In the OHG, all partners are fully liable for the partnership's debts, whereas in the KG there are general partners (''Komplementär'') with unlimited liability and limited partners (''Kommanditisten'') whose liability is restricted to their fixed contributions to the p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1976 In Law
Events January * January 2 – The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights enters into force. * January 5 – The Pol Pot regime proclaims a new constitution for Democratic Kampuchea. * January 18 – Full diplomatic relations are established between Bangladesh and Pakistan 5 years after the Bangladesh Liberation War. * January 27 ** The United States vetoes a United Nations resolution that calls for an independent Palestinian state. ** The First Battle of Amgala (1976), First Battle of Amgala breaks out between Morocco and Algeria in the Spanish Sahara. February * February 4 ** The 1976 Winter Olympics begin in Innsbruck, Austria. ** The 7.5 1976 Guatemala earthquake, Guatemala earthquake affects Guatemala and Honduras with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (''Violent''), leaving 23,000 dead and 76,000 injured. * February 9 – The Australian Defence Force is formed by unification of the Australian Army, the Royal Australian Navy and the Royal Au ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
German Labour Law
German labour law refers to the regulation of employment relationships and industrial partnerships in Germany. History *General Commission of German Trade Unions (1892–1919) *Free Association of German Trade Unions (1897–1919) *Weimar Constitution 1919 *Betriebsrätegesetz 1920 *Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (1919–1933) *Free Workers' Union of Germany (1919–1933) *Arbeitsordnungsgesetz of 1934 *German Labour Front, the nationalised Nazi controlled union (1933 to 1945) *Strength Through Joy *Council of Trust and Factory leader *Confederation of German Trade Unions (est 1949) *Mitbestimmungsgesetz 1976 Courts and constitution *''Grundgesetz'' (1949) "Article 9 (Freedom of association). (1) All Germans have the right to form associations and societies. (2) Associations, the objects or activities of which conflict with the criminal laws or which are directed against the constitutional order or the concept of international understanding, are prohibited. (3) The right t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Works Council
A works council is a shop-floor organization representing workers that functions as a local/firm-level complement to trade unions but is independent of these at least in some countries. Works councils exist with different names in a variety of related forms in a number of European countries, including Great Britain (''joint consultative committee'' or ''employees’ council''); Germany and Austria (''Betriebsrat''); Luxembourg (''comité mixte'', ''délégation du personnel''); the Netherlands (''Dienstcommissie, Ondernemingsraad'') and Flanders in Belgium (''ondernemingsraad''); Italy (''comitato aziendale''); France (''comité social et économique''); Wallonia in Belgium (''conseil d'entreprise''), Spain (''comité de empresa'') and Denmark (''Samarbejdsudvalg'' or ''SU''). One of the most commonly examined (and arguably most successful) implementations of this institution is found in Germany. The model is basically as follows: general labour agreements are made at the nationa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Labour Law
Labour laws (also spelled as labor laws), labour code or employment laws are those that mediate the relationship between workers, employing entities, trade unions, and the government. Collective labour law relates to the tripartite relationship between employee, employer, and union. Individual labour law concerns employees' rights at work also through the contract for work. are social norms (in some cases also technical standards) for the minimum socially acceptable conditions under which employees or contractors are allowed to work. Government agencies (such as the former US Employment Standards Administration) enforce labour law (legislature, regulatory, or judicial). History Following the unification of the List of cities of the ancient Near East, city-states in Assyria and Sumer by Sargon of Akkad into a Akkadian Empire, single empire ruled from his Akkad (city), home city circa 2334 BC, Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement, common Mesopotamian standards for length, ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Codetermination
Worker representation on corporate boards of directors, also known as board-level employee representation (BLER), refers to the right of workers to vote for representatives on a board of directors in corporate law. In 2018, a majority of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and a majority of countries in the European Union, had some form of law guaranteeing the right of workers to vote for board representation. Together with a right to elect work councils, this is often called codetermination. The first laws requiring worker voting rights include the Oxford University Act 1854 and the Port of London Act 1908 in the United Kingdom, the Act on Manufacturing Companies of 1919 in Massachusetts in the United States (although the act's provisions were completely voluntary), and the Supervisory Board Act 1922 (''Aufsichtsratgesetz 1922'') in Germany, which codified collective agreement from 1918 and expanded it in the Mitbestimmungsgesetz, 1976 Mitbestimmungsgesetz. Over ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gerhard Schröder
Gerhard Fritz Kurt Schröder (; born 7 April 1944) is a German former politician and Lobbying, lobbyist who served as Chancellor of Germany from 1998 to 2005. From 1999 to 2004, he was also the Leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). As chancellor, he led a coalition government of the SPD and Alliance 90/The Greens. Since leaving public office, Schröder has worked for Russian state-owned energy companies, including Nord Stream AG, Rosneft, and Gazprom. Schröder was a lawyer before becoming a full-time politician, and he was Minister President of Lower Saxony (1990–1998) before becoming chancellor. Replacing the longest-ruling chancellor in modern German history, Helmut Kohl (CDU), in the 1998 German federal election, 1998 federal election, he tried to address unemployment and poverty with the Agenda 2010 labour market reform, which increased Hartz IV, welfare benefits. Together with French president Jacques Chirac, in 2003, he did not join the Coalition of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shareholder
A shareholder (in the United States often referred to as stockholder) of corporate stock refers to an individual or legal entity (such as another corporation, a body politic, a trust or partnership) that is registered by the corporation as the legal owner of shares of the share capital of a public or private corporation. Shareholders may be referred to as members of a corporation. A person or legal entity becomes a shareholder in a corporation when their name and other details are entered in the corporation's register of shareholders or members, and unless required by law the corporation is not required or permitted to enquire as to the beneficial ownership of the shares. A corporation generally cannot own shares of itself. The influence of shareholders on the business is determined by the shareholding percentage owned. Shareholders of corporations are legally separate from the corporation itself. They are generally not liable for the corporation's debts, and the shareholders ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gesellschaft Mit Beschränkter Haftung
(; ) is a type of Juridical person, legal entity in German-speaking countries. It is equivalent to a (Sàrl) in the Romandy, French-speaking region of Switzerland and to a (Sagl) in the Ticino, Italian-speaking region of Switzerland. It is an entity broadly equivalent to the private limited company (PLC) in the United Kingdom and many Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth countries, and the limited liability company (LLC) in the United States. The name of the GmbH form emphasizes that the owners (, also known as members) of the entity are not personally liable for the company's debts. GmbHs are considered legal persons under German, Swiss, and Austrian law. Other variations include mbH (used when the term is part of the company name itself), and gGmbH () for non-profit companies. The GmbH has become the most common corporation form in Germany because the AG (), the other major company form corresponding to a stock corporation, was much more complicated to form and operate un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
