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Cocoa (book)
''Cocoa'' is a 2018 book by Kristy Leissle, a lecturer in global studies at the University of Washington Bothell. The book covers cocoa's history, as well as contemporary production, economics, politics, trade, consumption and geography. In ''Cocoa'', Leissle is critical of issues around cocoa including labor exploitation (both within and outside of Africa), gender inequalities, the fairness of 'fair trade', market concentration and ignorance regarding Africa's role in cocoa production. She is, however, optimistic for a future where farmers are valued. She argues for the environmental and financial benefits of farmers growing flavor cocoa, while saying this production will not grow to a large scale. Multiple reviewers commented on the how concise the book was, to the point where James Field, writing in the magazine ''Geographical'' said it became dense at times, although this was balanced well by anecdotes. In his review, Field credited Leissle for recognizing her privileged pos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polity (publisher)
Polity is an academic publisher in the social sciences and humanities. It was established in 1984 in Cambridge by Anthony Giddens, David Held and John Thompson at the University of Cambridge. Giddens later reported: "We didn't have any publishing experience or money". Polity remains a private limited company, with the sociologist John Thompson at Jesus College, Cambridge listed as director. Giddens resigned as director in 2008, and Held died in 2019. Assets were audited at over £4m in 2022. The company now has offices in Cambridge and Oxford in the United Kingdom, and New York City and Boston in the United States. The company specializes in the areas of sociology, politics, philosophy, history, media, political economy Political or comparative economy is a branch of political science and economics studying economic systems (e.g. Marketplace, markets and national economies) and their governance by political systems (e.g. law, institutions, and government). Wi ... and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of Washington Bothell
The University of Washington Bothell (UW Bothell) is a campus of the University of Washington, located in Bothell, Washington. It was founded in 1989 and is one of the three campuses of the University of Washington, alongside the Seattle and Tacoma campuses. It is located just northwest of the junction of Interstate 405 (Washington), Interstate 405 and Washington State Route 522, State Route 522, and shares its campus with Cascadia College. History University of Washington Bothell was founded in 1989 when it was granted the approval of the Washington State legislature. The university began with a staff of 12 faculty members and a class of 143 students. Its first classes were held in fall 1990, and its first graduating class — of three students — completed their degrees in 1991. The permanent campus was built in the 1990s on a cattle ranch that had been previously proposed for a regional shopping mall. Warren Buck, Dr. Warren Buck III was appointed the university's f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cocoa Bean
The cocoa bean, also known as cocoa () or cacao (), is the dried and fully fermented seed of ''Theobroma cacao'', the cacao tree, from which cocoa solids (a mixture of nonfat substances) and cocoa butter (the fat) can be extracted. Cacao trees are native to the Amazon rainforest. They are the basis of chocolate and Mesoamerican foods including tejate, an indigenous Mexican drink. The cacao tree was first domesticated at least 5,300 years ago by the Mayo-Chinchipe culture in South America before it was introduced in Mesoamerica. Cacao was consumed by pre-Hispanic cultures in spiritual ceremonies, and its beans were a common currency in Mesoamerica. The cacao tree grows in a limited geographical zone; today, West Africa produces nearly 81% of the world's crop. The three main varieties of cocoa plants are Forastero, Criollo, and Trinitario, with Forastero being the most widely used. In 2024, global cocoa bean production reached 5.8 million tonnes, with Ivory Coast leading a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geographical (magazine)
''Geographical'' (formerly ''The Geographical Magazine'') is the magazine of the Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers), a key associate and supporter of many famous expeditions, including those of Charles Darwin, Robert Falcon Scott and Ernest Shackleton. The publishers pay a licence fee to the Society, which is used to fund the advancement of exploration and research and the promotion of geographical knowledge. The magazine is published monthly, and is sold in retail outlets and on subscription in both print and digital. It contains illustrated articles on people, places, adventure, travel, and environmental issues, as well as summarising the latest academic research and discoveries in geography. ''Geographical'' also reports news of the Society's latest work and activities to members and the public. History ''The Geographical Magazine'' was founded by English diplomat Michael Huxley in May 1935. Huxley’s editorial policy was centred on prese ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cocoa Production In Ivory Coast
Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) leads the world in production and export of the cocoa beans used in the manufacture of chocolate, as of 2024 producing 45% of the world’s cocoa. West Africa collectively supplies two thirds of the world's cocoa crop, with Ivory Coast leading production at 1.8 million tonnes , and nearby Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon and Togo producing additional 1.55 million tonnes. Ivory Coast overtook Ghana as the world's leading producer of cocoa beans in 1978, and today is highly dependent on the crop, which accounts for 40% of national export income. The primary non-African competitor of Ivory Coast is Indonesia, which went from having almost nonexistent domestic cocoa industry in the 1970s to becoming one of the largest producers in the market by the early 2000s. According to the UN FAO, Indonesia overtook Ghana and became the second-largest producer worldwide in 2006. The World Cocoa Foundation provides significantly lower figures for Indonesia, but concurs that it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cocoa Production In Ghana
Ghana is the second-largest exporter of cocoa beans in the world, after Côte d'Ivoire, which accounts for about one-third of the global supply. Ghana's cocoa cultivation, however, is noted within the developing world to be one of the most modelled commodities and valuables. The main factors that lead to Ghana being the second world Cocoa producer are government-owned support measures such as thCOCOBOD. Overview Cocoa production occurs in the country's forested areas: Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Central Region, Eastern Region, Western Region, and Volta, where rainfall is 1,000 to 1,500 millimeters per year. The crop year begins in October, when purchases of the main crop begin, with a smaller mid-crop cycle beginning in July.Clark, Nancy L. "Agriculture" (and subchapters). A Country Study: Ghana' (La Verne Berry, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (November 1994). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain'/ref> All coco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Child Labour In Cocoa Production
Child labor is a recurring issue in cocoa production. Ivory Coast and Ghana, together produce nearly 60% of the world's cocoa each year. During the 2018/19 cocoa-growing season, research commissioned by the U.S. Department of Labor was conducted by NORC at the University of Chicago in these two countries and found that 1.48 million children are engaged in hazardous work on cocoa farms including working with sharp tools and agricultural chemicals and carrying heavy loads. The number of children is significant, representing 43 percent of all children living in agricultural households in cocoa-growing areas. During the same period cocoa production in Cote d’Ivoire and Ghana increased 62 percent while the prevalence of child labor in cocoa production among all agricultural households increased by 14 percentage points. Attention on this subject has focused on West Africa, which collectively supplies 69% of the world's cocoa, and Côte d'Ivoire, supplying 35%, in particular. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sapiens (magazine)
''Sapiens'' is a digital magazine about the human world and has been in publication since 2016. The magazine focuses on anthropology including aspects such as archaeology, culture, biology, and language. The goal is to publish anthropological essays that explore human-related topics in an innovative and thought-provoking way. The magazine is funded by the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, and published in collaboration with the University of Chicago Press. The magazine remains editorially independent. The magazine has a podcast produced by House of Pod that focuses on conversations with anthropologist from around the world. Awards In 2017, Sapiens magazine received the American Anthropological Association General Anthropology Division New Directions Award for "providing quality scholarship in sophisticated yet accessible formats". In 2018, Chip Colwell, editor-in-chief of Sapiens Magazine, received the American Anthropological Association Executive Director' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The World Today (magazine)
''The World Today'' is a quarterly global affairs magazine founded by Chatham House in 1945. It aims to bring the Institute's analysis to a broad audience, featuring internal research alongside external contributors. The World Today publishes analysis, commentary, interviews, book reviews, photography and original reportage. Prominent contributors include the British journalist Jon Snow, former Prime Minister of New Zealand Helen Clark, British diplomat Martin Griffiths, and Conservative MP Justine Greening Justine Greening (born 30 April 1969) is a British former politician who was the Secretary of State for Education from 2016 to 2018. Prior to that, she was Economic Secretary to the Treasury from 2010 to 2011, Secretary of State for Transport f .... The magazine is sent to decision-makers in FTSE 100 companies and major embassies in London, as well as to key individuals in the British Parliament, Whitehall, the media, and academia. Magazine subscription is open to ind ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chocolate Culture
Chocolate is a food made from roasted and ground cocoa beans that can be a liquid, solid, or paste, either by itself or to flavor other foods. Cocoa beans are the processed seeds of the cacao tree (''Theobroma cacao''); unprocessed, they taste intensely bitter. In making chocolate, these seeds are usually fermented to develop the flavor. They are then dried, cleaned, and roasted. The shell is removed to reveal nibs, which are ground to chocolate liquor: unadulterated chocolate in rough form. The liquor can be processed to separate its two components, cocoa solids and cocoa butter, or shaped and sold as unsweetened baking chocolate. By adding sugar, sweetened chocolates are produced, which can be sold simply as dark chocolate (a.k.a., plain chocolate), or, with the addition of milk, can be made into milk chocolate. Making milk chocolate with cocoa butter and without cocoa solids produces white chocolate. In some chocolates, other ingredients such as vegetable oils, emulsifier ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2018 Non-fiction Books
Eighteen or 18 may refer to: * 18 (number) * One of the years 18 BC, AD 18, 1918, 2018 Film, television and entertainment * ''18'' (film), a 1993 Taiwanese experimental film based on the short story ''God's Dice'' * ''Eighteen'' (film), a 2005 Canadian dramatic feature film * 18 (British Board of Film Classification), a film rating in the United Kingdom, also used in Ireland by the Irish Film Classification Office * 18 (''Dragon Ball''), a character in the ''Dragon Ball'' franchise * "Eighteen", a 2006 episode of the animated television series ''12 oz. Mouse'' Science * Argon, a noble gas in the periodic table * 18 Melpomene, an asteroid in the asteroid belt Music Albums * ''18'' (Moby album), 2002 * ''18'' (Nana Kitade album), 2005 * '' 18...'', 2009 debut album by G.E.M. * ''18'' (Jeff Beck and Johnny Depp album), 2022 Songs * "18" (5 Seconds of Summer song), from their 2014 eponymous debut album * "18" (One Direction song), from their 2014 studio album ''Four'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
