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Civil Procedure Rules
The Civil Procedure Rules (CPR) were introduced in 1997 as per the Civil Procedure Act 1997 by the Civil Procedure Rule Committee and are the rules of civil procedure used by the Court of Appeal, High Court of Justice, and County Court in civil cases in England and Wales. They apply to all cases commenced after 26 April 1999, and largely replace the Rules of the Supreme Court and the County Court Rules. The Civil Procedure Rules 1998 is the statutory instrument listing the rules. The CPR were designed to improve access to justice by making legal proceedings cheaper, quicker, and easier to understand for non-lawyers. As a consequence of this, many former, older legal terms were replaced with "plain English" equivalents, such as "claimant" for "plaintiff" and "witness summons" for "subpoena". Unlike the previous rules of civil procedure, the CPR commence with a statement of their "overriding objective", both to aid in the application of specific provisions and to guide behaviour ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SI 1998
This is an incomplete list of statutory instruments of the United Kingdom in 1998. 1–100 * The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) (Amendment) Regulations 1998S.I. 1998 No. 1 * The National Health Service (Proposals for Pilot Schemes) and (Miscellaneous Amendments) Amendment Regulations 1998S.I. 1998 No. 3 * The National Health Service (General Medical Services) (Scotland) Amendment Regulations 1998 (S.I. 1998 No.4 (S.1)]) * The National Health Service (Vocational Training for General Medical Practice) (Scotland) Regulations 1998S.I. 1998 No. 5(S.2)]) * The River Tweed (Baits and Lures) Regulations 1998S.I. 1998 No. 6(S.3)]) * The A205 Trunk Road (Greenwich) Red Route (Banned Turns) Traffic Order 1998S.I. 1998 No. 8 * The Beef Carcase (Classification) (Amendment) Regulations 1998S.I. 1998 No. 12 * The A501 Trunk Road (Euston Road, Camden) Red Route (Prescribed Routes) Traffic Order 1998S.I. 1998 No. 15 * The Chester to Holyhead Trunk Road (A55) (Bryngwran to Holyhead) Order ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Judicial Panel On Multidistrict Litigation
The judiciary (also known as the judicial system, judicature, judicial branch, judiciative branch, and court or judiciary system) is the system of courts that adjudicates legal disputes/disagreements and interprets, defends, and applies the law in legal cases. Meaning The judiciary is the system of courts that interprets, defends, and applies the law in the name of the state. The judiciary can also be thought of as the mechanism for the resolution of disputes. Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, the judiciary generally does not make statutory law (which is the responsibility of the legislature) or enforce law (which is the responsibility of the executive), but rather interprets, defends, and applies the law to the facts of each case. However, in some countries the judiciary does make common law. In many jurisdictions the judicial branch has the power to change laws through the process of judicial review. Courts with judicial review power may annul the laws ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Territorial Waters
Territorial waters are informally an area of water where a sovereign state has jurisdiction, including internal waters, the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone, and potentially the extended continental shelf (these components are sometimes collectively called the maritime zones). In a narrower sense, the term is often used as a synonym for the territorial sea. Vessels have different rights and duties when passing through each area defined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), one of the most ratified treaties. States cannot exercise their jurisdiction in waters beyond the exclusive economic zone, which are known as the high seas. Baseline Normally, the baseline is the low-water line along the coast as marked on large-scale charts that the coastal state recognizes. This is either the low-water mark closest to the shore or an unlimited distance from permanently exposed land, provided that some portion of elevations ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Partnership
A partnership is an agreement where parties agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests. The partners in a partnership may be individuals, businesses, interest-based organizations, schools, governments or combinations. Organizations may partner to increase the likelihood of each achieving their mission and to amplify their reach. A partnership may result in issuing and holding equity or may be only governed by a contract. History Partnerships have a long history; they were already in use in medieval times in Europe and in the Middle East. According to a 2006 article, the first partnership was implemented in 1383 by Francesco di Marco Datini, a merchant of Prato and Florence. The Covoni company (1336–40) and the Del Buono-Bencivenni company (1336–40) have also been referred to as early partnerships, but they were not formal partnerships. In Europe, the partnerships contributed to the Commercial Revolution which started in the 13th century. In the 15th century ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Company
A company, abbreviated as co., is a Legal personality, legal entity representing an association of legal people, whether Natural person, natural, Juridical person, juridical or a mixture of both, with a specific objective. Company members share a common purpose and unite to achieve specific, declared goals. Over time, companies have evolved to have the following features: "separate legal personality, limited liability, transferable shares, investor ownership, and a managerial hierarchy". The company, as an entity, was created by the State (polity), state which granted the privilege of incorporation. Companies take various forms, such as: * voluntary associations, which may include nonprofit organizations * List of legal entity types by country, business entities, whose aim is to generate sales, revenue, and For-profit, profit * financial entities and banks * programs or educational institutions A company can be created as a legal person so that the company itself has limi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Claim Form
A summons (also known in England and Wales as a claim form or plaint note, and in the Australian state of New South Wales as a court attendance notice (CAN)) is a legal document issued by a court (a ''judicial summons'') or by an administrative agency of government (an ''administrative summons'') for various purposes. Judicial summons A judicial summons is served on a person involved in a legal proceeding. Legal action may be in progress against the person, or the person's presence as witness may be required. In the former case, the summons will typically announce to the person to whom it is directed that a legal proceeding has been started against that person, and that a case has been initiated in the issuing court. In some jurisdictions, it may be drafted in legal English difficult for the layman to understand, while several U.S. states expressly require summonses to be drafted in plain English and that they must start with this phrase: "Notice! You have been sued." The summons ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Litigant In Person
In England and Wales, a litigant in person is an individual, company or organisation that has rights of audience (this is, the right to address the court) and is not represented in a court of England and Wales by a solicitor or barrister. Instructing a barrister and not a solicitor, for example through the Public Access Scheme, however, does not prevent the party on whose behalf the barrister had been instructed from being a litigant in person. It is possible nevertheless for litigants in England and Wales to obtain free legal advice and in some cases representation from the Citizens Advice Bureau (CAB). The term ''litigant in person'' is also used in the similar (but separate) legal systems of Irish law and Northern Irish law. The equivalent in Scotland is a party litigant and in the United States is ''pro se'' legal representation. The right to defend oneself in person or through chosen legal assistance is provided for in Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lord Woolf
Harry Kenneth Woolf, Baron Woolf (born 2 May 1933) is a British life peer and retired barrister and judge. He was Master of the Rolls from 1996 until 2000 and Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales from 2000 until 2005. The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 made him the first Lord Chief Justice to be President of the Courts of England and Wales. He was a Non-Permanent Judge of the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong from 2003 to 2012. He sits in the House of Lords as a crossbencher. Early life Woolf was born in Newcastle upon Tyne, on 2 May 1933, to Alexander Susman Woolf and his wife Leah (). His grandfather Harry was a naturalised Briton of Polish and Russian Jewish origins. His father had been a fine art dealer, but was persuaded to run his own building business instead by his wife. They had four children, but their first child died, and his mother was protective of the three surviving children. Woolf lived in Newcastle-upon-Tyne until he was about five years old, when his fa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Civil Justice Council
The Civil Justice Council is a UK non-departmental public body that advises the Lord Chancellor on civil law (common law), civil justice and civil procedure in England and Wales. It was established in 1998 under section 6 of the Civil Procedure Act 1997 and is sponsored by the Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom), Ministry of Justice. It is chaired by the Master of the Rolls. Composition The Council must include: *Members of the judiciary; *Members of the legal professions; *Civil servants concerned with the administration of the courts; *Persons experienced in consumer protection, consumer affairs; *Persons experienced in lay advice; and *Representatives of particular kinds of litigants, for example, businesses or employees. *Chair: Master of the Rolls and Head of Civil Justice, Sir Geoffrey Vos; *24 members; *''Ex officio'' members: **Deputy Head of Civil Justice; Functions The Council's functions are to: *Keep the civil justice system under review; *Consider how to make the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constitutional Reform Act 2005
The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (c. 4) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, relevant to UK constitutional law. It provides for a Supreme Court of the United Kingdom to take over the previous appellate jurisdiction of the Law Lords as well as some powers of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, and removed the functions of Speaker of the House of Lords and Head of the Judiciary of England and Wales from the office of Lord Chancellor. Background The office of Lord Chancellor was reformed to remove the ability of the holder to act as both a government minister and a judge, an arrangement that ran contrary to the idea of separation of powers. The reform was motivated by concerns that the historical mixture of legislative, judicial, and executive power might not conform with the requirements of Article 6 (paragraph 1) of the European Convention on Human Rights, because a judicial officer who has legislative or executive power is likely not to be considered ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Courts And Legal Services Act 1990
The Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 (c. 41) was an Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom, act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that reformed the legal profession and courts of England and Wales. The act was the culmination of a series of reports and reforms that started with the Benson Commission in the 1970s, and significantly changed the way that the legal profession and court system worked. The changes introduced in the act covered a variety of areas. Important changes were made to the Judiciary of England and Wales, judiciary, particularly in terms of appointments, judicial pensions and the introduction of Judiciary of England and Wales#District judges, district judges, the arbitration process of Alternative Dispute Resolution and the procedure in the courts, particularly in terms of the distribution of civil business between the High Court of Justice, High Court and the County Court (England and Wales), county courts. The most significant changes were made in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Matrimonial And Family Proceedings Act 1984
Marriage, also called matrimony or wedlock, is a culturally and often legally recognised union between people called spouses. It establishes rights and obligations between them, as well as between them and their children (if any), and between them and their Affinity (law), in-laws. It is nearly a cultural universal, but the definition of marriage varies between cultures and religions, and over time. Typically, it is an institution in which interpersonal relationships, usually sexual, are acknowledged or sanctioned. In some cultures, marriage is recommended or considered to be Premarital sex, compulsory before pursuing sexual activity. A marriage ceremony is called a wedding, while a private marriage is sometimes called an elopement. Around the world, there has been a general trend towards ensuring Women's rights, equal rights for women and ending discrimination and harassment against couples who are Interethnic marriage, interethnic, Interracial marriage, interracial, In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
