|
Chauth
Chauth (from ) was a regular tax or tribute imposed from the early 18th century by the Maratha Empire in the Indian subcontinent. It was an annual tax nominally levied at 25% on revenue or produce, hence the name, on lands that were under nominal Mughal rule. The sardeshmukhi was an additional 10% levy on top of the ''chauth''. A tribute paid to the king, it was started by Koli Maharaja Som Shah of Ramnagar. Opinions on the function of the chauth vary. According to M G Ranade, the chauth was charged to provide armed security for a state by the Marathas and is thus comparable to the system of subsidiary alliances that was used by Lord Wellesley to bring Indian states under British control. The historian Jadunath Sarkar has argued that the chauth was essentially a tax paid by those states that did not want the Marathas to enter into their realm. The chauth thus served as protection money against Maratha invasions of the chauth paying state. The tax was levied at the rate of on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Som Shah Of Ramnagar
The Maharaja Soma Shah was Koli people, Koli ruler of the petty kingdom of ''Ramnagar'', present days in Gujarat. He invented the Chauth system which was a form of the Protection fees. Chauth system It was started by Maharaja of Ramnagar when Portuguese possessed Daman and Diu and was an annual tax nominally levied at 25% on revenue or produce, hence the name. It was levied on the lands which were under nominal Portuguese India, Portuguese rule by Maharaja Som Shah. Chauth was a fee for Portuguese to purchase the protection from Maharaja of Ramnagar so Maharaja Som Shah was called as '''Chauthia Raja''' which means Guardian King. The Portuguese chief '''Fernao De Miranda paid the 1/4 share of the total revenue of Daman and Diu. Disputes and Politics on Chauth The British Indians, British Indian historian Jadunath Sarkar states that there were several disputes between petty kingdom of Jawhar State, Jawhar and the kingdom of Ramnagar in 1670 after the treaty between ''Raja Vik ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maratha Empire
The Maratha Empire, also referred to as the Maratha Confederacy, was an early modern India, early modern polity in the Indian subcontinent. It comprised the realms of the Peshwa and four major independent List of Maratha dynasties and states, Maratha states under the nominal leadership of the former. The Marathas were a Marathi language, Marathi-speaking peasantry group from the western Deccan Plateau (present-day Maharashtra) that rose to prominence under leadership of Shivaji (17th century), who revolted against the Bijapur Sultanate and the Mughal Empire for establishing "Hindavi Swarajya" (). The religious attitude of Aurangzeb, Emperor Aurangzeb estranged Kafir, non-Muslims, and the Deccan wars, Maratha insurgency came at a great cost for his men and treasury. The Maratha government also included warriors, administrators, and other nobles from other Marathi people, Marathi groups. Shivaji's monarchy, referred to as the Maratha Kingdom, expanded into a large realm in the 18th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protection Money
A protection racket is a type of racket and a scheme of organized crime perpetrated by a potentially hazardous organized crime group that generally guarantees protection outside the sanction of the law to another entity or individual from violence, robbery, ransacking, arson, vandalism, and other such threats, in exchange for payments at regular intervals. Each payment is called "protection money" or a "protection fee". An organized crime group determines an affordable or reasonable fee by negotiating with each of its payers, to ensure that each payer can pay the fee on a regular basis and on time. Protections rackets can vary in terms of their levels of sophistication or organization. The perpetrators of a protection racket may protect vulnerable targets from other dangerous individuals and groups or may simply offer to refrain from themselves carrying out attacks on the targets, and usually both of these forms of protection are implied in the racket. Due to the frequent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shahuji
Shahu I (Shivaji Sambhaji Raje Bhonsale; ; 18 May 1682 – 15 December 1749) was the fifth Chhatrapati or head of state of the Maratha Empire founded by his grandfather, Shivaji I. He was born into the Bhonsle family and was the son of Sambhaji I and Yesubai. At a young age, he was taken into custody at the Siege of Raigad by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, and held captive. He was released from captivity after the death of Aurangzeb in the hope of engineering an internecine struggle among the Maratha factions of Tarabai and Shahu. Shahu emerged victorious in the bloody Battle of Khed and was crowned as Chhatrapati. During Shahu's reign, Maratha power and influence extended to much of central and western India, which had then created a strong Maratha Kingdom. After his death, his ministers and generals such as the Peshwa Bhats and their lieutenants of the Shinde and Holkar house, Senasahibsubha Bhonsles of Nagpur, and Senakhaskhel Gaikwad of Baroda administered their s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rafi Ud-Darajat
Mirza Rafi ud-Darajat (); 1 December 1699 – 6 June 1719) was briefly the Eleventh Mughal emperor. He was the youngest son of Rafi-ush-Shan, the nephew of Azim-ush-Shan and a grandson of Bahadur Shah I. He was placed on the throne by the Sayyid brothers after they deposed, blinded, imprisoned and executed emperor Farrukhsiyar with the help of Maharaja Ajit Singh and the Marathas in 1719. Reign Sayyid Brothers Rafi ud-Darajat owed his throne to the Sayyid brothers - Sayyid Hassan Ali Khan Barha and Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan Barha - who had deposed emperor Farrukhsiyar with the help of Ajit Singh of Marwar and Balaji Vishwanath in 1719 and made themselves ''badishahgar'' (kingmakers). His short reign would be as a puppet ruler to the brothers. Marathas Having been helped by the Marathas in his accession, Rafi ud-Darajat returned the favour by granting Chauth and Sardeshmukhi rights in 6 Mughal provinces to them. The condition was that these would be collected by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lord Wellesley
Richard Colley Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley, (20 June 1760 – 26 September 1842) was an Anglo-Irish politician and colonial administrator. He was styled as Viscount Wellesley until 1781, when he succeeded his father as 2nd Earl of Mornington. In 1799, he was granted the Irish peerage title of Marquess Wellesley of Norragh. He was also Lord Wellesley in the Peerage of Great Britain. Richard Wellesley first made his name as fifth Governor-General of Bengal between 1798 and 1805. He later served as Foreign Secretary in the British Cabinet and as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. In 1799, his forces invaded Mysore and defeated Tipu, the Sultan of Mysore, in a major battle. He also initiated the Second Anglo-Maratha War. Wellesley was the eldest son of Garret Wesley, 1st Earl of Mornington, an Irish peer, and Anne, the eldest daughter of Arthur Hill-Trevor, 1st Viscount Dungannon. His younger brother, was Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington. Early l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Swaraj
Swarāj (, IAST: , ) can mean generally self-governance or "self-rule". The term was used synonymously with "home-rule" by Maharishi Dayanand Saraswati and later on by Mahatma Gandhi, but the word usually refers to Gandhi's concept of Indian independence from foreign domination. Swaraj lays stress on governance, not by a hierarchical government, but by self-governance through individuals and community building. The focus is on political decentralisation. Since this is against the political and social systems followed by Britain, Gandhi's concept of Swaraj advocated India's discarding British political, economic, bureaucratic, legal, military, and educational institutions. S. Satyamurti, Chittaranjan Das and Motilal Nehru were among a contrasting group of Swarajists who laid the foundation for parliamentary democracy in India. Although Gandhi's aim of totally implementing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mahratta Invasions Of Bengal
The Maratha invasions of Bengal (1742–1751), were the a series of raids by the Maratha forces in the Bengal Subah (Bengal, Bihar, parts of modern Orissa), after the successful campaign in the Carnatic region at the Battle of Trichinopoly. The campaigns were carried out under Raghoji Bhonsle of Nagpur. Between April 1742 to March 1751, the Marathas invaded Bengal many times, causing widespread economic losses in the Bengal Subah. Background The resurgent Maratha Confederacy emerging from Maharashtra quickly repulsed the Mughals and subjugated them to the confines of Delhi. It was during this period they were at the doorsteps of the independent Bengal Subah, particularly Orissa. They conducted raids within Bengal and plundered cities and villages and caused widespread devastation. However, due to their relentless attacks and raids the Nawab would be more partial towards signing the treaty eventually agreeing to cede Orissa to the Maratha Confederacy to ensure peace for bot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mahratta Sackings Of Goa And Bombay-Bassein
Mahratta may refer to: An old spelling of * Maratha caste, a ruling/warrior class of the Indian subcontinent * Maratha Empire (1674–1820), India * Marathi language and those who spoke that language, primarily residing in: ** the state of Maharashtra in India Houses * ''Mahratta'' (Wahroonga), a house in Sydney, Australia Ships * SS ''Mahratta'' (1891), lost on the Goodwin Sands in 1909 * SS ''Mahratta'' (1917), lost on the Goodwin Sands in 1939 * HMS ''Mahratta'' (G23), an M class destroyer torpedoed in 1944 with the loss of 220 Military units of the British Indian Army * 5th Mahratta Light Infantry, * 103rd Mahratta Light Infantry * 105th Mahratta Light Infantry * 110th Mahratta Light Infantry * 114th Mahrattas * 116th Mahrattas * 117th Mahrattas See also *Marathi people * Marhatta *Satavahana Empire * Mahratta War (other) *Maratha (other) Maratha are a Marathi-speaking people from Maharashtra, India. Maratha or Marathas may also refer to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sack Of Surat
The Battle of Surat, also known as the Sack of Surat, was a land battle that took place on 5 January 1664, near the city of Surat, in present-day Gujarat, India, between Shivaji, leader of the fledgling Maratha State and Inayat Khan, a Mughal commander. The Marathas defeated the Mughal military unit posted at Surat. Surat was a wealthy port city used by the Mughals for maritime trade in the Arabian Sea. The city was populated mostly by Hindus, but there were Muslims & others as well; including the officials of the Moghal administration at the city. According to historian James Grant Duff, Surat was attacked by Shivaji on 5 January 1664; the attack was so sudden that the population had no chance to flee, the violent plunder of the Mahratta forces continued for six days & two-thirds of the city was burnt down. The loot was then transferred to Rajgad fort hidden in the Western Ghauts near Poona. Background Shaista Khan, the Moghal nawab, was in the Deccan for more than three ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aurangzeb
Alamgir I (Muhi al-Din Muhammad; 3 November 1618 – 3 March 1707), commonly known by the title Aurangzeb, also called Aurangzeb the Conqueror, was the sixth Mughal emperors, Mughal emperor, reigning from 1658 until his death in 1707, becoming the second longest-ruling emperor of Hindustan (48 years and 7 months). Under his reign, the Mughal Empire reached its greatest extent, with territory spanning nearly the entirety of the Indian subcontinent. Aurangzeb and the Mughals belonged to a branch of the Timurid dynasty. He held administrative and military posts under his father Shah Jahan () and gained recognition as an accomplished military commander. Aurangzeb served as the viceroy of the Viceroy of the Deccan, Deccan in 1636–1637 and the governor of Gujarat under Mughal Empire, Gujarat in 1645–1647. He jointly administered the provinces of Subah of Multan, Multan and Sind State, Sindh in 1648–1652 and continued expeditions into the neighboring Safavid Iran, Safavid ter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Durgadas Rathore
Durgadas Rathore (13 August 1638 – 22 November 1718) was a Rathore Rajput general of the Kingdom of Marwar. He is credited with having preserved the rule of the Rathore dynasty over Marwar (present-day Rajasthan), India, following the death of Maharaja Jaswant Singh in the 17th century. In doing so he had to defy Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. He commanded the Rathore forces during the Rajput War (1679–1707) and played a major role in the Rajput Rebellion (1708–1710) and supported the Maratha ruler Sambhaji in the Siege of Janjira against the Siddis of Janjira. He was elected as the leader of the revolt along with Raja Jai Singh II of Jaipur. He won a number of victories against the Mughals and forced many Mughal officers to pay tribute to him in the form of chauth. Early life Durgadas was the son of Askaran Rathore, a Rajput minister of Jaswant Singh, the ruler of Marwar. He was a distant relative of the royal family, being a descendant of Karana, a son o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
