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Capture Of Béjaïa (1510)
The capture of Béjaïa was the battle in which the Spanish Empire took possession of Béjaïa (also known as Bougie), then an emirate ruled by a branch of the Hafsids of Béjaïa, Hafsid dynasty. This took place in 1510. The Spanish lost the city again 45 years later to Salah Rais and the Kingdom of Kuku in the Capture of Béjaïa (1555), Capture of Bougie (1555). Background According to Leo the African, the city of Béjaïa was surrounded by an ancient wall and had has colleges where law and mathematics are taught, mosques, souks, and hospitals serving a population estimated at "8000 hearths”. Towards the end of the fifteenth century, Muslims were driven out of Spain by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, Catholic Monarchs and took refuge in cities on the coast of North Africa such activities Oran, Algiers and Béjaïa. From these bases they organised Barbary pirates, corsair attacks from these places harassing the Spaniards and damaging their trade. In Béjaïa, Sultan Abdelaz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Béjaïa
Béjaïa ( ; , , ), formerly known as Bougie and Bugia, is a Mediterranean seaport, port city and communes of Algeria, commune on the Gulf of Béjaïa in Algeria; it is the capital of Béjaïa Province. Geography Location Béjaïa owes its existence to its port, which also makes it prosperous. It is located in a sickle-shaped bay protected from the swell of offshore winds (northwest facing) by the advance of Cape Carbon (to the west of the city). The city is backed by :fr:Yemma Gouraya, Mount Gouraya located in a northwest position. This port site, in one of the most beautiful bays of the Maghreb and Mediterranean coast, is dominated in the background by the Babor Mountains, Babors mountain range. Another advantage is that the city is the outlet of the Soummam River, Soummam valley, a geographical corridor facing southwest. However, since the time when the city was a capital, there has been a divorce between the city and the region (Kabylia) linked to the difficulty of secur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Capture Of Mers-el-Kébir (1505)
The Capture of Mers-el-Kébir on 13 September 1505 was the first campaign carried out by the Spanish Empire in its war against the Zayyanid Kingdom of Tlemcen (in modern Algeria). Mers-el-Kébir () was a roadstead open to the southwest winds, and a refuge for corsairs. The port was protected by a strong and well-armed castle, and it had already been unsuccessfully attacked by Portuguese troops in 1496 and 1501. Background In Spain, after the conquest of Granada and the suppression of the Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1499–1501), a body of opinion including the highly influential Cardinal Cisneros favoured conquering the North African coast in order to prevent pirate attacks on the Spanish coast. The Kingdom of Tlemcen at the time was ruled by Abu Abdallah V, who was experiencing instability and weakness. Preparations A fleet of one hundred and seventy ships assembled in the port of Malaga to transport and supply 7000. Command at sea was held by the Catalan Ramón de Card ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
16th-century Military History Of Spain
The 16th century began with the Julian calendar, Julian year 1501 (represented by the Roman numerals MDI) and ended with either the Julian or the Gregorian calendar, Gregorian year 1600 (MDC), depending on the reckoning used (the Gregorian calendar introduced a lapse of 10 days in October 1582). The Renaissance in Italy and Europe saw the emergence of important artists, authors and scientists, and led to the foundation of important subjects which include accounting and political science. Copernicus proposed the Copernican heliocentrism, heliocentric universe, which was met with strong resistance, and Tycho Brahe refuted the theory of celestial spheres through observational measurement of the SN 1572, 1572 appearance of a Milky Way supernova. These events directly challenged the long-held notion of an immutable universe supported by Ptolemy and Aristotle, and led to major revolutions in astronomy and science. Galileo Galilei became a champion of the new sciences, invented the first ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1510 In Spain
Year 151 (CLI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Condianus and Valerius (or, less frequently, year 904 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 151 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Asia * Mytilene and Smyrna are destroyed by an earthquake. * First year of Yuanjia of the Chinese Han dynasty. By topic Art * Detail from a rubbing of a stone relief in Wu family shrine (Wuliangci), Jiaxiang, Shandong, is made (Han dynasty). Births * Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina, daughter of Marcus Aurelius * Zhong Yao, Chinese official and calligrapher (d. 230) Deaths * Kanishka, Indian ruler of the Kushan Empire * Novatus Saint Novatus (died c. 151) is an early Christian saint. His feast day is 20 June. Novatus and his brother, the martyr Timotheus, were ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Military History Of Algeria
The military history of Algeria covers a vast time period and complex events. It interacts with multiple military events in the region for independence and stability. Independence from Carthage The Punic Wars were a series of wars fought between the Roman Republic and the city-state of Ancient Carthage, Carthage. During these wars the Algerians took the opportunity to become independent of Carthage, and Algerian kingdoms were established. Roman Africa Al-Andalus Horses, but few chariots which were largely obsolete, gave scouts, raiders, and rare armored riders an advantage in speed, momentum behind each forward blow during a charge, and height to reach over the shields of opposing infantry. One helpful aspect of chariots was that after a very successful raid that found much plunder but not much resistance or pursuit, a raiding party could fill the basket of the chariot and haul plunder with it. Alternatively, a good archer could stockpile bundles of pre-positioned quivers f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coastal Cities In Algeria
A coast (coastline, shoreline, seashore) is the land next to the sea or the line that forms the boundary between the land and the ocean or a lake. Coasts are influenced by the topography of the surrounding landscape and by aquatic erosion, such as that caused by wind wave, waves. The geology, geological composition of rock (geology), rock and soil dictates the type of shore that is created. Earth has about of coastline. Coasts are important zones in natural ecosystems, often home to a wide range of biodiversity. On land, they harbor ecosystems, such as freshwater marsh, freshwater or estuary, estuarine wetlands, that are important for birds and other terrestrial animals. In wave-protected areas, coasts harbor salt marshes, mangroves, and seagrass meadow, seagrasses, all of which can provide nursery habitat for finfish, shellfish, and other aquatic animals. Rocky shores are usually found along exposed coasts and provide habitat for a wide range of sessility (motility), sessile ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
16th Century In Algeria
16 (sixteen) is the natural number following 15 and preceding 17. It is the fourth power of two. In English speech, the numbers 16 and 60 are sometimes confused, as they sound similar. Mathematics 16 is the ninth composite number, and a square number: 42 = 4 × 4 (the first non-unitary fourth-power prime of the form ''p''4). It is the smallest number with exactly five divisors, its proper divisors being , , and . Sixteen is the only integer that equals ''m''''n'' and ''n''''m'', for some unequal integers ''m'' and ''n'' (m=4, n=2, or vice versa). It has this property because 2^=2\times 2. It is also equal to 32 (see tetration). The aliquot sum of 16 is 15, within an aliquot sequence of four composite members (16, 15, 9, 4, 3, 1, 0) that belong to the prime 3-aliquot tree. *Sixteen is the largest known integer , for which 2^n+1 is prime. *It is the first Erdős–Woods number. *There are 16 partially ordered sets with four unlabeled elements. 16 is the only numb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hayreddin Barbarossa
Hayreddin Barbarossa (, original name: Khiḍr; ), also known as Hayreddin Pasha, Hızır Hayrettin Pasha, and simply Hızır Reis (c. 1466/1483 – 4 July 1546), was an Ottoman corsair and later admiral of the Ottoman Navy. Barbarossa's naval victories secured Ottoman dominance over the Mediterranean during the mid-16th century. Born on Lesbos, Khizr began his naval career as a corsair under his elder brother Oruç Reis. In 1516, the brothers captured Algiers from Spain, with Oruç declaring himself Sultan. Following Oruç's death in 1518, Khizr inherited his brother's nickname, "Barbarossa" ("Redbeard" in Italian). He also received the honorary name ''Hayreddin'' (from Arabic '' Khayr ad-Din'', "goodness of the faith" or "best of the faith"). In 1529, Barbarossa took the Peñón of Algiers from the Spaniards. In 1533, Barbarossa was appointed Kapudan Pasha (grand admiral) of the Ottoman Navy by Suleiman the Magnificent. He led an embassy to France in the same year, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kingdom Of Ait Abbas
The Kingdom of Beni Abbas or Sultanate of Beni Abbas () was a state in North Africa, then a fief and a principality, controlling Lesser Kabylie in Kabylia and its surroundings from the sixteenth century to the nineteenth century. It is referred to in the Spanish historiography as "reino de Labes". Sometimes more commonly referred to by its ruling family, the Mokrani dynasty (). Its capital was the Kalâa of Ait Abbas, an impregnable citadel in the Biban mountain range. The kingdom was for a long time a bastion of resistance to the Spanish Empire, then to the Regency of Algiers. Strategically located on the road from Algiers to Constantine and from the Mediterranean Sea to the Sahara, the Kalâa of Ait Abbas, attracted Andalusians, both Christians and Jews, in the sixteenth century, fleeing Spain or Algiers. Their know-how enriched a local industrial fabric whose legacy is the handicraft of the Ait Abbas tribe. The surrounding tribes were also home to intense intellectual ac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Belezma Range
The Belezma Range, also transliterated as Belzma (), is a prolongation of the Aurès Mountains, at the confluence of the Tell Atlas and the Saharan Atlas in northeastern Algeria. It is separated from the main Aurès Range by the Batna, Algeria, Batna-El Kantara basin. Geography and vegetation The ridge is roughly aligned in an E-W direction. It is located at the western end of the Aurès Range, with the Hodna Mountains to the west. The highest peak, at , is the Djebel Refâa. Other important peaks are high Djebel Tichaou and Djebel Touggourt (meaning 'Cedar Peak'). The Belezma Range has one of the most important natural Atlas Cedar forests of Algeria. It is qualified as a 'dry facies' pure forest owing to its location and the influence of the large deserts nearby, being located only north of the El Kantara gorges, and there has been a high mortality of the trees in recent times. The Belezma mountains have been traditionally inhabited by the ''Houaras'' Chaoui people. There is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constantine, Algeria
Constantine (), also spelled Qacentina or Kasantina, is the capital of Constantine Province in northeastern Algeria. During Roman times it was called Cirta and was renamed "Constantina" in honour of Emperor Constantine the Great. Located somewhat inland, Constantine is about from the Mediterranean coast, on the banks of the Rhumel River. Constantine is regarded as the capital of eastern Algeria and the commercial centre of its region and has a population of about 450,000 (938,475Office National des Statistiques, Recensement General de la Population et de l'Habitat 2008 2008 population census. Accessed on 2016-01-27. with the agglomeration), making it the third largest city in the country after |
Ulema
In Islam, the ''ulama'' ( ; also spelled ''ulema''; ; singular ; feminine singular , plural ) are scholars of Islamic doctrine and law. They are considered the guardians, transmitters, and interpreters of religious knowledge in Islam. "Ulama" may refer broadly to the educated class of such religious scholars, including theologians, canon lawyers (muftis), judges ( qadis), professors, and high state religious officials. Alternatively, "ulama" may refer specifically to those holding governmental positions in an Islamic state. By longstanding tradition, ulama are educated in religious institutions (''madrasas''). The Quran and sunnah (authentic hadith) are the scriptural sources of traditional Islamic law. Traditional way of education Students of Islamic doctrine do not seek out a specific educational institution, but rather seek to join renowned teachers. By tradition, a scholar who has completed their studies is approved by their teacher. At the teacher's individual dis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
