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Calamophyton
''Calamophyton'' is an extinct genus of tree, or "tree-sized plant", that was extant in the Middle Devonian period. As of 2024, a well-preserved fossilized forest of ''Calamophyton'' trees discovered in Somerset, England, represents the earliest-known forest. Discovery The genus was established in 1926 from specimens collected by R. Kräusel & H. Weyland, in Hardberg and Kirberg, Rhineland, Germany, who identified the type species ''Calamophyton primaevum''. A second species, ''C. renieri'', was described by Suzanne Leclercq in Belgium in 1940; a third, ''C. bicephalum'', also found in Belgium, by Leclercq and H. Andrews in 1960; and a fourth, ''C. forbesii'', in the Mapleton Sandstone, Maine, United States, by James M. Schopf in 1964. It has since been suggested that ''C. primaevum'' and ''C. bicephalum'' are conspecific. All specimens date to the Middle Devonian, some . Description The genus has been described as having an unusual—and unusually complex—morphology, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Middle Devonian
In the geological timescale, the Middle Devonian epoch (from 393.3 ± 1.2 million years ago to 382.7 ± 1.6 million years ago) occurred during the Devonian period, after the end of the Emsian age. The Middle Devonian epoch is subdivided into two stages: Eifelian and Givetian. Life in the Middle Devonian In the middle Devonian the armored jawless fish known as ostracoderms were declining in diversity and instead the jawed fish were thriving and increasing in diversity in both the oceans and freshwater. The shallow, warm, oxygen-depleted waters of Devonian inland lakes, surrounded by primitive plants, provided the environment necessary for certain early fish to develop essential characteristics such as well developed lungs, ability to crawl out of the water and onto the land for short periods of time, possibly in search of food which would be developed by the tetrapods later in the Late Devonian which are descendents of these early fish. The earliest forest grew in the Middle De ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Suzanne Leclercq
Suzanne Célina Marie Julie Joséphine Leclercq (28 March 1901 – 12 June 1994) was a Belgian paleobotanist and paleontologist known for her study of Devonian period plants. She was president of the Geological Society of Belgium from 1953 to 1954. She was a professor of stratigraphy and paleophytology at the University of Liège. She won a number of prizes including the François Crépin Triennial Prize, the Agathon De Potter Prize in 1953, and in 1958 the Henri Buttgenbach Prize. Biography Leclercq was born in 1901 in Liège, her parents were Xavier Leclercq, an industrialist, and Julie Gustin. Leclercq earned her Ph.D. at the University of Liège. She worked in Belgium and made many trips to institutions in the United Kingdom to study their collections throughout her research career. Leclercq was a member of many scientific and professional societies, including the Botanical Society of America, the Paleobotanical Society of India, and the Geological Society of Belgium ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
American Journal Of Botany
The ''American Journal of Botany'' is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal which covers all aspects of plant biology. It has been published by the Botanical Society of America since 1914. The journal has an impact factor of 3.038, as of 2019. access is available through the publisher John Wiley & Sons ( Wiley). From 1951 to 1953, Oswald Tippo served as its editor; the current editor is Pamela Diggle. History In the early 20th century, the field of botany was rapidly expanding, but the publications in which botanists could publish remained limited and heavily backlogged. By 1905, it was estimated that 250,000 contributions were generated in 8 or 9 languages. At the 1911 annual meeting of the society in Washington D.C., it was noted that at least 300 pages of American botanical contributions were sent abroad for publication, with a backlog resulting in a one-year delay in publication. On 31 December 1907, the Botanical Society of America met in Chicago and formally recom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pteridophyta
A pteridophyte is a vascular plant (with xylem and phloem) that reproduces by means of spores. Because pteridophytes produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are sometimes referred to as " cryptogams", meaning that their means of reproduction is hidden. They are also the ancestors of the plants we see today. Ferns, horsetails (often treated as ferns), and lycophytes (clubmosses, spikemosses, and quillworts) are all pteridophytes. However, they do not form a monophyletic group because ferns (and horsetails) are more closely related to seed plants than to lycophytes. "Pteridophyta" is thus no longer a widely accepted taxon, but the term ''pteridophyte'' remains in common parlance, as do ''pteridology'' and ''pteridologist'' as a science and its practitioner, for example by the International Association of Pteridologists and the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group. Etymology The name ''Pteridophyte'' is a Neo-Latin compound word created by English speakers around 1880. It is formed f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spore
In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual reproduction, sexual (in fungi) or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for biological dispersal, dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the Biological life cycle, life cycles of many plants, algae, fungus, fungi and protozoa. They were thought to have appeared as early as the mid-late Ordovician period as an adaptation of early land plants. Bacterial spores are not part of a sexual cycle, but are resistant structures used for survival under unfavourable conditions. Myxozoan spores release amoeboid infectious germs ("amoebulae") into their hosts for parasitic infection, but also reproduce within the hosts through the pairing of two nuclei within the plasmodium, which develops from the amoebula. In plants, spores are usually haploid and unicellular and are produced by meiosis in the sporangium of a diploid sporophyte. In some rare cases, a diploid spore is also p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Root
In vascular plants, the roots are the plant organ, organs of a plant that are modified to provide anchorage for the plant and take in water and nutrients into the plant body, which allows plants to grow taller and faster. They are most often below the surface of the soil, but roots can also be aerial root, aerial or aerating, that is, growing up above the ground or especially above water. Function The major functions of roots are absorption of water, plant nutrition and anchoring of the plant body to the ground. Types of Roots (major rooting system) Plants exhibit two main root system types: ''taproot'' and ''fibrous'', with variations like adventitious, aerial, and buttress roots, each serving specific functions. Taproot System Characterized by a single, main root growing vertically downward, with smaller lateral roots branching off. Examples. Dandelions, carrots, and many dicot plants. Fibrous RootSystem Consists of a network of thin, branching roots that spread out from ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Understory
In forestry and ecology, understory (American English), or understorey (English in the Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth English), also known as underbrush or undergrowth, includes plant life growing beneath the Canopy (biology), forest canopy without penetrating it to any great extent, but above the forest floor. Only a small percentage of light penetrates the canopy, so understory vegetation is generally Shade tolerance, shade-tolerant. The understory typically consists of trees stunted through lack of light, other small trees with low light requirements, saplings, shrubs, vines, and undergrowth. Small trees such as holly and Cornus (genus), dogwood are understory specialists. In Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest, temperate deciduous forests, many understory plants start into growth earlier in the year than the canopy trees, to make use of the greater availability of light at that particular time of year. A gap in the canopy caused by the death of a tree stimulates the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Journal Of The Geological Society
The ''Journal of the Geological Society '' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Geological Society of London. It covers research in all aspects of the Earth sciences. References External links * Proceedings of the Geological Society of London Vol 1 (1826–1833) to Vol 4 (1843–1845) available online at the Biodiversity Heritage Library The Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL) is the world’s largest open-access digital library for biodiversity literature and archives. BHL operates as a worldwide consortium of natural history, botanical, research, and national libraries working ...The Quarterly journal of the Geological Society of London Vol 1 (1845) to Vol 72 (1923) available online at the Biodiversity Heritage Library Publications established in 1826 Geology journals Bimonthly journals Geological Society of London academic journals English-language journals Academic journals published by learned and professional societies 1826 establishments ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis ( ) is a system of biological processes by which photosynthetic organisms, such as most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, convert light energy, typically from sunlight, into the chemical energy necessary to fuel their metabolism. ''Photosynthesis'' usually refers to oxygenic photosynthesis, a process that produces oxygen. Photosynthetic organisms store the chemical energy so produced within intracellular organic compounds (compounds containing carbon) like sugars, glycogen, cellulose and starches. To use this stored chemical energy, an organism's cells metabolize the organic compounds through cellular respiration. Photosynthesis plays a critical role in producing and maintaining the oxygen content of the Earth's atmosphere, and it supplies most of the biological energy necessary for complex life on Earth. Some bacteria also perform anoxygenic photosynthesis, which uses bacteriochlorophyll to split hydrogen sulfide as a reductant instead of water, p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cardiff University
Cardiff University () is a public research university in Cardiff, Wales. It was established in 1883 as the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire and became a founding college of the University of Wales in 1893. It was renamed University College, Cardiff in 1972 and merged with the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology in 1988 to become University of Wales College, Cardiff and then University of Wales, Cardiff in 1996. In 1997 it received Academic degree, degree-awarding powers, but held them in abeyance. It adopted the trade name, operating name of Cardiff University in 1999; this became its legal name in 2005, when it became an independent university awarding its own degrees. Cardiff University is the only List of universities in Wales, Welsh member of the Russell Group of research-intensive British universities. Academics and alumni of the university have included four heads of state or government and two Nobel laureates. the university's academ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xylem
Xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue (biology), tissue in vascular plants, the other being phloem; both of these are part of the vascular bundle. The basic function of the xylem is to transport water upward from the roots to parts of the plants such as stems and leaves, but it also transports plant nutrition, nutrients. The word ''xylem'' is derived from the Ancient Greek word (), meaning "wood"; the best-known wood organism is plants, though it is found throughout a plant. The term was introduced by Carl Nägeli in 1858. Structure The most distinctive xylem cell (biology), cells are the long tracheary elements that transport water. Tracheids and vessel elements are distinguished by their shape; vessel elements are shorter, and are connected together into long tubes that are called ''vessels''. Wood also contains two other type of cells: Ground tissue#Parenchyma, parenchyma and ground tissue#Fibres, fibers. Xylem can be found: * in vascular bundles, present in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vascular Tissue
Vascular tissue is a complex transporting tissue, formed of more than one cell type, found in vascular plants. The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem. These two tissues transport fluid and nutrients internally. There are also two meristems associated with vascular tissue: the vascular cambium and the cork cambium. All the vascular tissues within a particular plant together constitute the vascular tissue system of that plant. The cells in vascular tissue are typically long and slender. Since the xylem and phloem function in the conduction of water, minerals, and nutrients throughout the plant, it is not surprising that their form should be similar to pipes. The individual cells of phloem are connected end-to-end, just as the sections of a pipe might be. As the plant grows, new vascular tissue differentiates in the growing tips of the plant. The new tissue is aligned with existing vascular tissue, maintaining its connection throughout the plant ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
