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Borophaginae
The extinct Borophaginae form one of three subfamilies found within the canid family. The other two canid subfamilies are the extinct Hesperocyoninae and extant Caninae. Borophaginae, called "bone-crushing dogs", were endemic to North America during the Oligocene to Pliocene and lived roughly 34—2.5 million years ago, existing for about . Origin The Borophaginae descended from the subfamily Hesperocyoninae. The earliest and most primitive borophagine is the genus ''Archaeocyon'', which is a small fox-sized animal mostly found in the fossil beds in western North America. The borophagines soon diversified into several major groups. They evolved to become considerably larger than their predecessors, and filled a wide range of niches in late Cenozoic North America, from small omnivores to powerful, bear-sized carnivores, such as ''Epicyon''. Species There are 66 identified borophagine species, including 18 new ones that range from the Orellan to Blancan ages. A phylogenetic anal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Canidae
Canidae (; from Latin, ''canis'', "dog") is a biological family of dog-like carnivorans, colloquially referred to as dogs, and constitutes a clade. A member of this family is also called a canid (). There are three subfamilies found within the canid family, which are the extinct Borophaginae and Hesperocyoninae, and the extant Caninae. The Caninae are known as canines, and include domestic dogs, wolves, coyotes, foxes, jackals and other extant and extinct species. Canids are found on all continents except Antarctica, having arrived independently or accompanied human beings over extended periods of time. Canids vary in size from the gray wolf to the fennec fox. The body forms of canids are similar, typically having long muzzles, upright ears, teeth adapted for cracking bones and slicing flesh, long legs, and bushy tails. They are mostly social animals, living together in family units or small groups and behaving cooperatively. Typically, only the dominant pair in a group bree ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aelurodontina
Borophagini is a clade or tribe of the subfamily Borophaginae. This is an extinct group of terrestrial canids that were endemic and widespread throughout North America and Central America which lived during the Geringian stage of the Oligocene epoch to the Zanclean age of the Early Pliocene living 30.8—3.6 Mya existing approximately . Biology Borophagini were short-faced, heavy-jawed canids, usually massive in size. They were primarily carnivores but dentition demonstrates omnivore traits. Taxonomy ''Borophagini'' was named by Simpson (1945) redited to Simpson because he named Borophaginae It was assigned to Borophaginae by Wang et al. (1999) and Wang et al. (2004). Clade The clade includes: ''Cormocyon'', ''Desmocyon'', '' Metatomarctus'', '' Euoplocyon'', '' Psalidocyon'', ''Microtomarctus'', ''Protomarctus'', and '' Tephrocyon''. Subtaxa and sister taxa The subtaxa or subtribes are: '' Aelurodontina'', ''Borophagina'', and ''Cynarctina''. ''Phlaocyonini'' is a sis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caninae
The Caninae, known as canines, are one of three subfamily, subfamilies found within the Canidae, canid family. The other two canid subfamilies are the extinct Borophaginae and Hesperocyoninae. The Caninae includes all living canids and their most recent fossil relatives. Their fossils were first found in North America and dated to the Oligocene era, then spreading to Asia at the end of the Miocene era, some 7 million to 8 million years ago. Taxonomy and lineage The genus ''Leptocyon'' (Greek: ''leptos'' slender + ''cyon'' dog) includes 11 species and was the first primitive canine. They were small and weighed around 2 kg. They first appeared in Sioux County, Nebraska in the Orellan era 34-32 million years ago, which was the beginning of the Oligocene. This was the same time as the appearance of the Borophaginae with whom they share features, indicating that these were two sister groups. Borophaginae skull and dentition were designed for a powerful killi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hesperocyoninae
The extinct Hesperocyoninae are one of three subfamilies found within the canid family. The other two canid subfamilies are the extinct Borophaginae and extant Caninae. Taxonomic history Hesperocyoninae are basal canids that gave rise to the other two canid subfamilies, the Borophaginae and Caninae. This subfamily was endemic to North America, living from the Duchesnean stage of the Late Eocene through to the early Barstovian stage of the Miocene, lasting around 20 million years. It comprises 10 recognized genera and 26 recognized species. Four major lineages can be defined based on shared characteristics: *''Mesocyon''-''Enhydrocyon'' clade (includes ''Cynodesmus, Sunkahetanka, Philotrox'') *''Osbornodon'' clade *'' Paraenhydrocyon'' *'' Ectopocynus clade'' The genus ''Caedocyon'', which is only known from a single partial cranium that shows some ''Paraenhydrocyon'' affinities, probably represents another independent lineage. ''Hesperocyon'', which lacks the shared derived c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Epicyon
''Epicyon'' ("more than a dog") is a large, extinct, canid genus of the subfamily Borophaginae ("bone-crushing dogs"), native to North America. ''Epicyon'' existed for about from the Hemingfordian age of the Early Miocene, to the Hemphillian of the Late Miocene. ''Epicyon'' is the largest known canid of all time, with the type species reaching 2.4 m (7.9 ft) in length, 90 cm (35 in) in shoulder height and approximately 100–125 kg (220–276 lb) in body mass. The largest known humerus specimen belonged to an individual weighing up to . Description ''Epicyon'' had a massive head and powerful jaws that were well adapted for bone-crushing, with enlarged fourth premolars like some hyenas, giving its skull a lion-like shape rather than having a skull similar in shape to that of a wolf; the adaptation would have allowed ''Epicyon'' to scavenge as well as hunt, giving it access to the nutritious marrow other contemporary carnivores couldn't access. ''Epic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Archaeocyon
''Archaeocyon'' ("ancient dog") is an extinct genus of the Borophaginae subfamily of canids native to North America. It lived during the Oligocene epoch 32-24 Ma., existing for approximately . Species of ''Archaeocyon'' are among the earliest known borophagines, although a species of ''Otarocyon'' has a slightly earlier first appearance. Fossils have been found across the northern Great Plains and along the west coast of North America. ''Archaeocyon'' was a comparatively small and unspecialized dog. Its dentition (teeth) suggests a slightly more hypocarnivorous (omnivorous) diet than the otherwise similar ''Hesperocyon''. The skeleton is also generalized, lacking specializations for running and retaining a plantigrade foot posture. A few derived features of the dentition support a relationship to Borophaginae and Caninae (the subfamily that includes living canids), rather than to the basal canid subfamily Hesperocyoninae. The temporal position of ''Archaeocyon'' suggests an af ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Otarocyon
''Otarocyon'' ("large eared dog") is an extinct genus of the Borophaginae subfamily of canids native to North America. It lived during the Oligocene epoch, about 34—30 Ma (million years ago). Fossils have been found only in Montana, Wyoming, and South Dakota. ''Otarocyon'' was a small borophagine characterized by a short, broad skull, a specialized middle ear, simple, tall premolar teeth, and molars that are incipiently adapted to a hypocarnivorous diet. Despite its Oligocene age, the skull of ''Otarocyon'' shows several striking similarities to the living fennec fox, particularly in the structure of its middle ear. The similarities are probably convergent, but they suggest that ''Otarocyon'' may have been similar in its appearance and habits. Species *''O. macdonaldi'' Wang ''et al.'' 1999, Early Oligocene *''O. cooki'' Macdonald 1963, Late Oligocene In addition to its earlier age, ''O. macdonaldi'' differs from ''O. cooki'' in being smaller and in showing lesser devel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aelurodon
''Aelurodon'' is an extinct canid genus of the subfamily Borophaginae which lived from the Barstovian land mammal age () of the middle Miocene to the late Miocene epoch (). yu ''Aelurodon'' existed for approximately . Description ''Aelurodon'' are a part of a clade of loosely known as "bone-crushing" or "hyena-like" dogs, that apparently descended from the earlier genera '' |
Phlaocyonini
Phlaocyonini is an extinct clade or tribe of hypocarnivorous borophagines (bone-crushing dogs). They were endemic to North America and from the Oligocene epoch (Whitneyan stage) to the Miocene ( Early Barstovian) living ~33.3–5.3 Ma, existing for approximately . The clade includes ''Cynarctoides'' and ''Phlaocyon''. These two genus members represent differing approaches of hypocarnivory. The ''Cynarctoides'' trend toward having molar teeth with crowns formed of crescent-shaped cusps and remain small in size. ''Phlaocyon'' specialize toward rounded cusps on the molar teeth but of increasing size, with an unusual trend toward being hypercarnivores by two terminal species in the clade. Four transitional species of ''Cormocyon'' and ''Desmocyon'' occupy intermediate positions between the Phlaocyonini and Cynarctina. These represent a gradual size increase toward medium-size individuals. Fossil distribution A few of many sites: * Wewela Site, Turtle Butte Formation, Tripp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aelurodon Illustration
''Aelurodon'' is an extinct canid genus of the subfamily Borophaginae which lived from the Barstovian land mammal age () of the middle Miocene to the late Miocene epoch (). yu ''Aelurodon'' existed for approximately . Description ''Aelurodon'' are a part of a of loosely known as "bone-crushing" or "hyena-like" dogs, that apparently descended from the earlier genera '' |
Borophagina
Borophagina is a subtribe of the Borophaginae, a group of extinct canids. They inhabited much of North America from the Early Miocene to the Zanclean stage of the Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58Mya, and existed for approximately . Like some other borophagines, they were short-faced, heavy-jawed canids although the group included both omnivorous and hypercarnivorous species. References {{Taxonbar, from=Q4946287 Zanclean extinctio ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cynarctina
Cynarctina is an extinct clade of the Borophaginae subfamily of canids native to North America. They lived from the Early to Middle Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recen ... 16.0—10.3 Ma, existing for approximately . Cynarctines had rounded cusps on the molar teeth, similar to those seen in living bears, suggesting that they were likely omnivores. References Miocene canids Prehistoric mammals of North America Animal subtribes {{canid-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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