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Bio Farma
PT Bio Farma (Persero) is an Indonesian state-owned enterprise based in Bandung, West Java and the only local vaccine manufacturer in Indonesia, which produces vaccines and sera to support immunization in Indonesia and other countries. Bio Farma vaccine produced vaccines against measles, polio, hepatitis B, and pentavalent vaccine. Bio Farma has supplied vaccines to multiple countries through UNICEF, PAHO and other organizations. Since 2020, it also serves as the holding company for listed state-owned enterprises Kimia Farma and Indofarma. __TOC__ History Bio Farma's history began during the Dutch East Indies period, when the colonial government founded (State Vaccine Development Agency) on 6 August 1890. The agency occupied a building in Weltevreden – Batavia, which is now Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital. Since its inception, focused on eliminating infectious diseases, which leads to its cooperation with Pasteur Institute. Eventually, the agency was renamed to in 189 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
State-owned Enterprise
A state-owned enterprise (SOE) is a government entity which is established or nationalised by the ''national government'' or ''provincial government'' by an executive order or an act of legislation in order to earn profit for the government, control monopoly of the private sector entities, provide products and services to citizens at a lower price and for the achievement of overall financial goals & developmental objectives in a particular country. The national government or provincial government has majority ownership over these ''state owned enterprises''. These ''state owned enterprises'' are also known as public sector undertakings in some countries. Defining characteristics of SOEs are their distinct legal form and possession of financial goals & developmental objectives (e.g., a state railway company may aim to make transportation more accessible and earn profit for the government), SOEs are government entities established to pursue financial objectives and dev ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PAHO
The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) is an international public health agency working to improve the health and living standards of the people of the Americas. It is part of the United Nations system, serving as the Regional Office for the Americas of the World Health Organization and as the health organization of the Inter-American System. It is known in Latin America as the OPS or OPAS ( es, Organización Panamericana de la Salud; pt, Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde). Description PAHO has scientific and technical expertise at its headquarters, in its 27 country offices, and its three Pan American centers, all working with the countries of the americas in dealing with priority health issues. The health authorities of PAHO's Member States set PAHO's technical and administrative policies through its governing bodies. The PAHO Member States include all 35 countries in the Americas; Puerto Rico is an associate member. France, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Japanese Occupation Of The Dutch East Indies
The Empire of Japan occupied the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) during World War II from March 1942 until after the end of the war in September 1945. It was one of the most crucial and important periods in modern Indonesian history. In May 1940, Germany occupied the Netherlands, and martial law was declared in the Dutch East Indies. Following the failure of negotiations between the Dutch authorities and the Japanese, Japanese assets in the archipelago were frozen. The Dutch declared war on Japan following the 7 December 1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor. The Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies began on 10 January 1942, and the Imperial Japanese Army overran the entire colony in less than three months. The Dutch surrendered on 8 March. Initially, most Indonesians welcomed the Japanese as liberators from their Dutch colonial masters. The sentiment changed, however, as between 4 and 10 million Indonesians were recruited as forced labourers ('' romusha'') on economic deve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bio Farma Bandung
Bio or BIO may refer to: Computing * bio(4), a pseudo-device driver in RAID controller management interface in OpenBSD and NetBSD * Block I/O, a concept in computer data storage Politics * Julius Maada Bio (born 1964), Sierra Leonean politician, president since April 4, 2018 Media and entertainment * Bio (Australian TV channel) * The Biography Channel (UK and Ireland) * Bio (graffiti artist) Wilfredo Feliciano (born 1966) * ''Bio'' (album), a Chuck Berry album released in 1973 Organizations * Bedford Institute of Oceanography * Biographers International Organization * Biotechnology Innovation Organization * Belgian Investment Company for Developing Countries Energy * Biofuel, fuel made from biomass **Biodiesel, the biofuel alternative for diesel **Biogas, a blend of gasses formed by the breakdown of organic matter used in renewable energy production **Biogasoline, the biofuel alternative for gasoline Places * Bio, Azerbaijan, village in Astara Rayon * Bio, Lot, commu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salvation Army
Salvation (from Latin: ''salvatio'', from ''salva'', 'safe, saved') is the state of being saved or protected from harm or a dire situation. In religion and theology, ''salvation'' generally refers to the deliverance of the soul from sin and its consequences."Salvation." ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989. "The saving of the soul; the deliverance from sin and its consequences." The academic study of salvation is called '' soteriology''. Meaning In Abrahamic religions and theology, ''salvation'' is the saving of the soul from sin and its consequences. It may also be called ''deliverance'' or ''redemption'' from sin and its effects. Depending on the religion or even denomination, salvation is considered to be caused either only by the grace of God (i.e. unmerited and unearned), or by faith, good deeds (works), or a combination thereof. Religions often emphasize that man is a sinner by nature and that the penalty of sin is death (physical deat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bandung Institute Of Technology
The Bandung Institute of Technology ( id, Institut Teknologi Bandung, abbreviated as ITB) is a national research university located in Bandung, Indonesia. Since its establishment in 1920, ITB has been consistently recognized as Indonesia's premier STEM-based academic institution and reserves its place among the country's top elite universities. It has produced many notable leaders in science, engineering, politics, business, academia, and culture. ITB is ranked 235th internationally according to QS World University Rankings, and ranked 67th in QS Asian University Rankings. Domestically, the university is ranked 2nd by QS World University Rankings and ranked 3rd by Times Higher Education. ITB has the highest score threshold in Indonesia's national state university entrance test in science and technology. To this day, its engineering faculties are known to be the toughest to be admitted into. History Bandung Institute of Technology traces its origin to the Technische Hoog ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hendrik Freerk Tillema
Hendrik Freerk Tillema (5 July 1870 in Echten26 November 1952 in Bloemendaal) was a colonial Dutch official, writer, and hygienist in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). Life Tillema was born in 1870. Living in Semarang on Java in the Dutch East Indies, he was a pharmacist and social reformer. His program of "village improvement" ( nl, kampongverbetering) aimed to improve living conditions and health among the native Javanese as a necessary condition for the prolongation of Dutch rule over the colony. He worked with city doctor Willem Thomas de Vogel to try to develop healthier land in the nearby hills, relieving overcrowding and improving health among Semarang's poor, but was unable to sway the rest of the city council. The land he and de Vogel purchased was eventually used for Thomas Karsten Herman Thomas Karsten (22 April 1884, Amsterdam – 1945, Cimahi) was a Dutch engineer who gave major contributions to architecture and town planning in Indonesia during Dut ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johan Paul Van Limburg Stirum
Johan Paul, Count of Limburg-Stirum (2 February 1873 – 17 April 1948) was a Dutch diplomat, member of the House of Limburg-Stirum, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (1916–1921), Dutch ambassador to Germany (1925–1936) and to the United Kingdom (1936–1939). ''Parlement & Politiek''. Retrieved on 17 January 2015. Biography Johan Paul van Limburg Stirum was born on 2 February 1873 in in the . He made a rapid career as a diplomat of the Netherlands and was, among others, envoy in[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pasteur Institute
The Pasteur Institute (french: Institut Pasteur) is a French non-profit private foundation dedicated to the study of biology, micro-organisms, diseases, and vaccines. It is named after Louis Pasteur, who invented pasteurization and vaccines for anthrax and rabies. The institute was founded on 4 June 1887, and inaugurated on 14 November 1888. For over a century, the Institut Pasteur has researched infectious diseases. This worldwide biomedical research organization based in Paris was the first to isolate HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, in 1983. Over the years, it has been responsible for discoveries that have enabled medical science to control diseases such as diphtheria, tetanus, tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, influenza, yellow fever, and plague. Since 1908, ten Institut Pasteur scientists have been awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine and physiology—the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was shared between two Pasteur scientists. History The Institut Pas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Infection
An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. An infectious disease, also known as a transmissible disease or communicable disease, is an illness resulting from an infection. Infections can be caused by a wide range of pathogens, most prominently bacteria and viruses. Hosts can fight infections using their immune system. Mammalian hosts react to infections with an innate response, often involving inflammation, followed by an adaptive response. Specific medications used to treat infections include antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, antiprotozoals, and antihelminthics. Infectious diseases resulted in 9.2 million deaths in 2013 (about 17% of all deaths). The branch of medicine that focuses on infections is referred to as infectious disease. Types Infections are caused by infectious agents (pathogens) including: * Bacteria (e.g. '' Mycobacterium tubercul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital
Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital ( id, Rumah Sakit Pusat Angkatan Darat Gatot Soebroto, Gatot Soebroto Army Central Hospital; abbreviated as RSPAD Gatot Soebroto) is a hospital in Jakarta, Indonesia. The name of the hospital is derived from Gatot Soebroto, a National Hero of Indonesia. Established in 1819, the hospital is the main hospital for the Indonesian Army. The hospital also provides limited services for civilians. History Dutch Colonial period The location of the hospital was formerly the country house of Governor-General Van der Parra until 1820. When Louis Bonaparte appointed Daendels as Governor General of the Dutch East Indies in 1807, his main task is to strengthen the defense of Java to protect it from the British Army. He arrived on Java in 1808 and led the colonial government with a militaristic leadership that he gain the title ''IJzeren Maarschalk'', the "Iron Marshal". Among his achievements is the establishment of the ''Militaire Geneeskundige Dienst'' ("Mili ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Batavia, Dutch East Indies
Batavia was the capital of the Dutch East Indies. The area corresponds to present-day Jakarta, Indonesia. Batavia can refer to the city proper or its suburbs and hinterland, the Ommelanden, which included the much-larger area of the Residency of Batavia in the present-day Indonesian provinces of Jakarta, Banten and West Java. The founding of Batavia by the Dutch in 1619, on the site of the ruins of Jayakarta, led to the establishment of a Dutch colony; Batavia became the center of the Dutch East India Company's trading network in Asia. Monopolies on local produce were augmented by non-indigenous cash crops. To safeguard their commercial interests, the company and the colonial administration absorbed surrounding territory. Batavia is on the north coast of Java, in a sheltered bay, on a land of marshland and hills crisscrossed with canals. The city had two centers: Oud Batavia (the oldest part of the city) and the relatively-newer city, on higher ground to the south. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
