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Bekker Numbering
Bekker numbering or Bekker pagination is the standard form of citation to the works of Aristotle. It is based on the page numbers used in the Prussian Academy of Sciences edition of the complete works of Aristotle and takes its name from the editor of that edition, the classical philologist August Immanuel Bekker (1785–1871); because the Academy was located in Berlin, Germany, the system is occasionally referred to by the alternative name Berlin numbering or Berlin pagination. Bekker numbers consist of up to three ordered coordinates, or pieces of information: a number, the letter a or b, and another number, which refer respectively to the page number of Bekker's edition of the Greek text of Aristotle's works, the page column (a standard page of Bekker's edition has exactly two columns), and the line number (total lines typically ranging from 20-40 on a given column or page in Bekker's edition). For example, the Bekker number denoting the beginning of Aristotle's ''Nicoma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Immanuel Bekker - Imagines Philologorum
Immanuel ( he, עִמָּנוּאֵל, 'Īmmānū'ēl, meaning, "God is with us"; also Romanization of Hebrew, romanized: , ; and or in Koine Greek of the New Testament) is a Hebrew name that appears in the Book of Isaiah (7:14) as a sign that God will protect the Davidic line, House of David. The Gospel of Matthew (Matthew 1:22Matthew 1:23, –23) interprets this as a prophecy of the birth of the Messiah and the fulfillment of Scripture in the person of Jesus. ''Immanuel'' "God (El (god), El) with us" is one of the "symbolic names" used by Isaiah, alongside List of minor Old Testament figures, L–Z#Shearjashub, Shearjashub, Maher-shalal-hash-baz, or Pele-joez-el-gibbor-abi-ad-sar-shalom. It has no particular meaning in Jewish messianism. By contrast, the name based on its use in Isaiah 7:14 has come to be read as a prophecy of the Christ (title), Christ in Christian theology following Matthew 1:23, where ''Immanuel'' () is translated as (KJV: "God with us"). Isaiah 7– ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
British Museum
The British Museum is a public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London. Its permanent collection of eight million works is among the largest and most comprehensive in existence. It documents the story of human culture from its beginnings to the present.Among the national museums in London, sculpture and decorative and applied art are in the Victoria and Albert Museum; the British Museum houses earlier art, non-Western art, prints and drawings. The National Gallery holds the national collection of Western European art to about 1900, while art of the 20th century on is at Tate Modern. Tate Britain holds British Art from 1500 onwards. Books, manuscripts and many works on paper are in the British Library. There are significant overlaps between the coverage of the various collections. The British Museum was the first public national museum to cover all fields of knowledge. The museum was established in 1753, largely ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1831 Introductions
Events January–March * January 1 – William Lloyd Garrison begins publishing '' The Liberator'', an anti-slavery newspaper, in Boston, Massachusetts. * January 10 – Japanese department store, Takashimaya in Kyoto established. * February–March – Revolts in Modena, Parma and the Papal States are put down by Austrian troops. * February 2 – Pope Gregory XVI succeeds Pope Pius VIII, as the 254th pope. * February 5 – Dutch naval lieutenant Jan van Speyk blows up his own gunboat in Antwerp rather than strike his colours on the demand of supporters of the Belgian Revolution. * February 7 – The Belgian Constitution of 1831 is approved by the National Congress. *February 8 - Aimé Bonpland leaves Paraguay. * February 14 – Battle of Debre Abbay: Ras Marye of Yejju marches into Tigray, and defeats and kills the warlord Sabagadis. * February 25 – Battle of Olszynka Grochowska (Grochów): Polish rebel forces divide a Russia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Referencing Systems
A reference is a relationship in which one object designates or links to another. Reference or reference point may also refer to: *Reference (computer science) **Reference (C++) * ''Reference'' (film), a 1985 Bulgarian film *Reference, a citation, i.e., a link to a source of information *Reference, a person or employer who - either verbally or via a written letter of reference or recommendation letter - will attest to one's character or qualifications, e.g., for a board position, job, membership, residency, scholarship, school admission, etc. * Reference design, in engineering *Reference desk, in a library *Reference question, a concept in Canadian public law *Reference work, a dictionary, encyclopedia, etc. **Digital reference (also virtual reference) *Reference.com, an online reference source *''Sense and reference'' (''Bedeutung'') or ''Reference'', Frege's term for that which an expression designates See also *Cross-reference *Refer (other) *Referee (other) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diels–Kranz Numbering
Diels–Kranz (DK) numbering is the standard system for referencing the works of the ancient Greek pre-Socratic philosophers, based on the collection of quotations from and reports of their work, ''Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker'' (''The Fragments of the Pre-Socratics''), by Hermann Alexander Diels. The ''Fragmente'' was first published in 1903, was later revised and expanded three times by Diels, and was finally revised in a fifth edition (1934–7) by Walther Kranz and again in a sixth edition (1952). In Diels–Kranz, each passage, or item, is assigned a number which is used to uniquely identify the ancient personality with which it is concerned, and the type of item given. Diels–Kranz is used in academia to cite pre-Socratic philosophers, and the system also encompasses Sophists and pre-Homeric poets such as Orpheus. Stephanus pagination is the comparable system for referring to Plato, and Bekker numbering is the comparable system for referring to Aristotle. Background ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Academic Work
An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary or tertiary higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membership). The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy, founded approximately 385 BC at Akademia, a sanctuary of Athena, the goddess of wisdom and skill, north of Athens, Greece. Etymology The word comes from the ''Academy'' in ancient Greece, which derives from the Athenian hero, ''Akademos''. Outside the city walls of Athens, the gymnasium was made famous by Plato as a center of learning. The sacred space, dedicated to the goddess of wisdom, Athena, had formerly been an olive grove, hence the expression "the groves of Academe". In these gardens, the philosopher Plato conversed with followers. Plato developed his sessions into a method of teaching philosophy and in 387 BC, established what is known today as the Old Academy. By extension, ''academia'' has come to mean the acc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Citation Style
A citation is a reference to a source. More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears. Generally, the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not). Citations have several important purposes. While their uses for upholding intellectual honesty and bolstering claims are typically foregrounded in teaching materials and style guides (e.g.,), correct attribution of insights to previous sources is just one of these purposes. Linguistic analysis of citation-practices has indicated that they also serve critical roles in orchestrating the state of knowledge on a particular topic, ident ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Richard Rudolf Walzer
Richard Rudolf Walzer, FBA (14 July 1900 in Berlin – 16 April 1975 in Oxford) was a German-born British scholar of Greek philosophy and of Arabic philosophy. ''Education:'' Werner-Siemens-Realgymnasium, Berlin-Schöneberg; Frederick William University of Berlin. Career * Assistant (1927), Privatdocent in Classics (1932), Frederick William University of Berlin, 1927–1933 * Lecturer in Greek Philosophy, University of Rome, 1933–1938 * Lecturer in Mediaeval Philosophy (Arabic and Hebrew) (1942), Senior Lecturer in Arabic and Greek Philosophy (1950), Oriel College, Oxford, 1942–1962 * Honorary Professor, University of Hamburg, 1952 * Member, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton University, 1953–1954 * Fellow, Reader in Arabic and Greek Philosophy St Catherine's College, Oxford, 1962–1970 * He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy The British Academy is the United Kingdom's national academy for the humanities and the social sciences. It was established ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexander Of Aphrodisias
Alexander of Aphrodisias ( grc-gre, Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Ἀφροδισιεύς, translit=Alexandros ho Aphrodisieus; AD) was a Peripatetic philosopher and the most celebrated of the Ancient Greek commentators on the writings of Aristotle. He was a native of Aphrodisias in Caria, and lived and taught in Athens at the beginning of the 3rd century, where he held a position as head of the Peripatetic school. He wrote many commentaries on the works of Aristotle, extant are those on the ''Prior Analytics'', '' Topics'', ''Meteorology'', '' Sense and Sensibilia'', and ''Metaphysics''. Several original treatises also survive, and include a work ''On Fate'', in which he argues against the Stoic doctrine of necessity; and one ''On the Soul''. His commentaries on Aristotle were considered so useful that he was styled, by way of pre-eminence, "the commentator" (). Life and career Alexander was a native of Aphrodisias in Caria (present-day Turkey)A. Chaniotis, 'Epigraphic evidence fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
On Ideas
''On Ideas'' (Greek: Περὶ Ἰδεῶν, ''Peri Ideōn'') is a philosophical work which deals with the problem of universals with regards to Plato's Theory of Forms. The work is supposedly by Aristotle, but there isn't universal agreement on this point. It only survives now as fragments in quotations by Alexander of Aphrodisias in his commentary of Aristotle's ''Metaphysics''. Summary ''On Ideas'' gives greater detail to many of the arguments which Aristotle recounts in ''Metaphysics'' A.9. There and here objections to arguments for Plato's theory of Forms are given. A point made in multiple places is that the Platonist arguments establish only that there are universals in a general and metaphysically slim sense, and not there are full-blown Forms of the Platonic kind. A version of the third man argument is also given. Authenticity Alexander of Aphrodisias does attribute his quotations which form the extant text of ''On Ideas'' to Aristotle. The content also matches with wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eckart Schütrumpf
Eckart Schütrumpf (born 3 February 1939) is a professor of classics at the University of Colorado at Boulder and former professor of Classics at the University of Cape Town. He is known for his work on political, ethical, rhetorical and poetic issues in Aristotle, Plato, Cicero, and other ancient writers. In 2005 he won a prestigious research prize from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for foreign scholars in the humanities.hereanhere *2. ''Die Analyse der polis durch Aristoteles'', Marburger Habilitationsschrift 1976, published in: "Studien zur Antiken Philosophie", Heft 10, Amsterdam 1980, XV, 400 pp. (Reviews in JSTOhereanhere *3. ''Xenophon Poroi, Vorschläge zur Beschaffung von Geldmitteln oder Über die Staatseinkünfte'', Einleitung, krit. Textausgabe, Übersetzung und Anmerkungen, in "Texte zur Forschung", Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1982, 129 pp., reprinted (with corrections) 1987. *4. ''Aristoteles Politik Buch I'', übersetzt und erläutert, in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Walter De Gruyter
Walter de Gruyter GmbH, known as De Gruyter (), is a German scholarly publishing house specializing in academic literature. History The roots of the company go back to 1749 when Frederick the Great granted the Königliche Realschule in Berlin the royal privilege to open a bookstore and "to publish good and useful books". In 1800, the store was taken over by Georg Reimer (1776–1842), operating as the ''Reimer'sche Buchhandlung'' from 1817, while the school’s press eventually became the ''Georg Reimer Verlag''. From 1816, Reimer used the representative Sacken'sche Palace on Berlin's Wilhelmstraße for his family and the publishing house, whereby the wings contained his print shop and press. The building became a meeting point for Berlin salon life and later served as the official residence of the president of Germany. Born in Ruhrort in 1862, Walter de Gruyter took a position with Reimer Verlag in 1894. By 1897, at the age of 35, he had become sole proprietor of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
