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Bīt-Burutaš
Tabal ( and ), later reorganised into Bīt-Burutaš () or Bīt-Paruta (), was a Luwian-speaking Syro-Hittite state which existed in southeastern Anatolia in the Iron Age. Name The name given to the kingdom by the Neo-Assyrian Empire was likely an Akkadian term meaning "bank" or "shore" of a body of water, in reference to the kingdom and region of Tabal being on the southern bank of the Halys river. Due to an absence of relevant Luwian inscriptions, the native name of the kingdom of Tabal is still unknown. Usage The kingdom of Tabal was located in a region bounded by the Halys river, the Taurus Mountains, the Konya Plain and the Anti-Taurus Mountains, and which was occupied by a cluster of Syro-Hittite states. The Neo-Assyrian Empire used the name of Tabal in a narrow sense to refer to the kingdom of Tabal and in a broader sense to designate both this larger region of which the kingdom was part of and to the other states within this region collectively. Modern scholarship ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tuwana
Tyana, earlier known as Tuwana during the Iron Age, and Tūwanuwa during the Bronze Age, was an ancient city in the Anatolian region of Cappadocia, in modern Kemerhisar, Niğde Province, Central Anatolia Region, Central Anatolia, Turkey. It was the capital of a Luwian language, Luwian-speaking Syro-Hittite states, Neo-Hittite kingdom in the 1st millennium BC. Name The name of the city was () during the Hittite Empire, and () in the Luwian language during the Syro-Hittite period. From the Luwian name were derived: * the Neo-Assyrian Akkadian name of the city, (), * and the Ancient Greek name of the city, (; ). Geography Location The location of the Hittite Tūwanuwa/Neo-Hittite Tuwana/Classical Tyana corresponds to the modern-day town of Kemerhisar in Niğde Province, Turkey. Surroundings The region around Tyana, which corresponded to roughly the same area as the former Iron Age kingdom of Tuwana, was known in Classical Antiquity as Tyanitis. History According to later H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Atuna (state)
Atuna () or Tuna () was a Luwian language, Luwian-speaking Syro-Hittite states, Syro-Hittite state which existed in the Tabal (region), region of Tabal in southeastern Anatolia in the Iron Age. Geography Location The exact location of Atuna is still unknown due to a present lack of Luwian inscriptions from the kingdom's capital, and, while the site of Zeyve Höyük, corresponding to classical Tynna, has been suggested as a possible location for the capital of Atuna, Atuna was instead likely located further north, in northern Cappadocia. Since Atuna later obtained the territory of the Tabalian kingdom of Šinuḫtu, it was likely in the region immediately south of the Halys river's southernmost bend, to the immediate north of Šinuḫtu, and to the west of the kingdom of Tabal (state), Tabal proper and around the site which the present-day village of Bohça, which was possibly its capital and where the king Kurdis of Atuna had erected a stele. Neighbours To the north, Atuna direct ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ištuanda
Ištuanda () or Ištunda () was a Luwian-speaking Syro-Hittite state which existed in the region of Tabal in southeastern Anatolia in the Iron Age. Geography Ištuanda was located in northern Cappadocia, in the northwestern part of the Tabalian region close to the kingdom of Atuna and near what is presently Aksaray. History Bronze Age The territory that later became Ištuanda might have corresponded to the region which was referred to in Hittite texts from the Late Bronze Age as Wašuduwanda (), which was the site of a shrine to the goddess Ḫepat. Iron Age Kingdom of Ištuanda By , the Tabalian region, including Ištuanda, had become a tributary of the Neo-Assyrian king Tiglath-pileser III, possibly after his conquest of Arpad over the course of 743 to 740 BC caused the states of the Tabalian region to submit to him, or possibly as a result of a campaign of Tiglath-pileser III in Tabal. Consequently, in 738 and 732 BCE, the king Tuḫamme of Ištuanda was one of the five ru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Luwian Language
Luwian (), sometimes known as Luvian or Luish, is an ancient language, or group of languages, within the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family. The ethnonym Luwian comes from ''Luwiya'' (also spelled ''Luwia'' or ''Luvia'') – the name of the region in which the Luwians lived. Luwiya is attested, for example, in the Hittite laws. The two varieties of Luwian are known after the scripts in which they were written: Cuneiform Luwian (''CLuwian'') and Hieroglyphic Luwian (''HLuwian''). There is no consensus as to whether these were a single language or two closely related languages. Classification Several other Anatolian languages – particularly Carian, Lycian, and Milyan (also known as Lycian B or Lycian II) – are now usually identified as related to Luwian – and as mutually connected more closely than other constituents of the Anatolian branch.Anna Bauer, 2014, ''Morphosyntax of the Noun Phrase in Hieroglyphic Luwian'', Leiden, Brill NV, pp. 9–10. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kayseri Province
The Kayseri Province () is a province and metropolitan municipality in central Turkey. Its area is 16,970 km2, and its population is 1,441,523 (2022). It borders with Sivas, Adana, Niğde, Kahramanmaraş, Yozgat and Nevşehir provinces. The province is an area that has been linked with mythological stories as well as important figures in Turkish history. It is located in Anatolia, and surrounded by the Mount Erciyes, the Mount Hasan and the Mount Ali. The Ali mountain is named like that in honor of Ali Baba, who is said to have lived in the area. Locals claim that Kayseri is the most peaceful city in the world. Districts History It was the residence of the Cappadocian kings and was sacked by Tigranes I, king of Armenia, in the 1st century BCE. Kayseri was first known as the city of ''Masaka''. Later, during the Roman period, the province's name was changed to ''Caesarea'', then '' Kayzer'' before becoming known with its modern name of ''Kayseri''. Danishmend Gaz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Argišti I
Argišti I, was the sixth known monarch, king of Urartu, reigning from 786 BC to 764 BC. He founded the citadel of Erebuni Fortress, Erebuni in 782 BC, which is the present capital of Armenia, Yerevan. Alternate transliterations of the name include ''Argishtis'', ''Argisti'', ''Argišti'', and ''Argishtish''. Although the name is usually rendered as ''Argišti'' (read: ''Argishti''), some scholars argue that ''Argisti'' is the most likely pronunciation. This is due to the belief that the Urartians used the cuneiform symbol ''š'' to voice an ''s''-sound, as opposed to representing the digraph ''sh''. A son and the successor of Menua, he continued the series of conquests initiated by his predecessors, apparently campaigning every year of his reign. He was involved in a number of inconclusive conflicts with the Assyrian king Shalmaneser IV. He conquered the northern part of Syria and made Urartu the most powerful state in post-Hittites, Hittite Asia Minor. He also expanded his kingdo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Šinuḫtu
Šinuḫtu ( and ) was a Luwian-speaking Syro-Hittite state which existed in the region of Tabal in southeastern Anatolia in the Iron Age. Geography Location Šinuḫtu was located on the site of what is now Aksaray in Turkey, immediately to the south-east of Lake Tuz, and consisted of its capital city and a small territory surrounding it. Neighbours The neighbours of Šinuḫtu were Atuna to its north, and Tabal proper to the east. History Kingdom of Šinuḫtu The kingdom of Šinuḫtu might have come into existence during the early 1st millennium BCE, and one of the state's early kings might have been one of the 24 kings of the Tabalian region who offered tribute to the Neo-Assyrian king Shalmaneser III () during his campaign there in 837 BCE. Submission to the Neo-Assyrian Empire By , the Tabalian region, including Šinuḫtu, had become a tributary of the Neo-Assyrian king Tiglath-pileser III (), possibly after his conquest of Arpad over the course of 743 to 740 BC cau ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ḫubišna
Cybistra or Kybistra, earlier known as Ḫubišna, was a town of ancient Cappadocia or Cilicia. The main city of Kybistra/Ḫubišna was located at the site corresponding to present-day , about 10 km northeast of the modern town of Ereğli in Konya Province, Turkey. It was the capital of a Luwian-speaking Neo-Hittite kingdom in the 1st millennium BCE. Name The name of the city was recorded during the Old Assyrian Colony Period as (). The name of the city was ( and ) or () during the Hittite Empire. The city appears in Neo-Assyrian records under the names: * (), * (), * and (). During Classical Antiquity, the city became known as Cybistra (; ). History Bronze Age Middle Bronze Prior to the Hittite period, Hubisna was a stregic hub guarding the northern end of the Cilician Gates going south to Tarsus. According to the Telepinu Proclamation, Ḫubišna was one of the places which the 17th century BCE founder-king of the Hittite Old Kingdom, Labarna I had conquer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Melid
Arslantepe, also known as Melid, was an ancient city on the Tohma River, a tributary of the upper Euphrates rising in the Taurus Mountains. It has been identified with the modern archaeological site of Arslantepe near Malatya, Turkey. It was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the name Arslantepe Mound on 26 July 2021. Değirmentepe, a site located 24 km northeast of Melid, is notable as the location of the earliest secure evidence of copper smelting. The site was built on a small natural outcrop in the flood plain about 40m from the Euphrates River. History Late Chalcolithic The earliest habitation at the site dates back to the Chalcolithic period. Arslantepe (VII; LC 3-4): It became important in this region in the Late Chalcolithic. A monumental area with a huge mudbrick building stood on top of a mound. This large building had wall decorations; its function is uncertain. Arslantepe (VIA; LC 5): By the late Uruk period development had grown to include a large ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shalmaneser III
Shalmaneser III (''Šulmānu-ašarēdu'', "the god Shulmanu is pre-eminent") was king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 859 BC to 824 BC. His long reign was a constant series of campaigns against the eastern tribes, the Babylonians, the nations of Mesopotamia, Syria, as well as Kizzuwadna and Urartu. His armies penetrated to Lake Van and the Taurus Mountains; the Neo-Hittites of Carchemish were compelled to pay tribute, and the kingdoms of Hamath and Aram Damascus were subdued. It is in the annals of Shalmaneser III from the 850s BC that the Arab people, Arabs and Chaldeans first appear in recorded history. Reign Campaigns Shalmaneser began a campaign against Urartu and reported that in 858 BCE, he destroyed the city of Sugunia, and then in 853 BCE Araškun. Both cities are assumed to have been capitals of Urartu before Tushpa became a center for the Urartians. In 853 BC, a coalition was formed by eleven states, mainly by Hadadezer, King of Aram-Damascus; Irhuleni, king of Hama ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nairi
Nairi (, also ''Na-'i-ru''; ) was the Akkadian name for a region inhabited by a particular group (possibly a confederation or league) of tribal principalities in the Armenian Highlands, approximately spanning the area between modern Diyarbakır and Lake Van and the region west of Lake Urmia. Nairi has sometimes been equated with Nihriya, known from Mesopotamian, Hittite, and Urartian sources. However, its co-occurrence with Nihriya within a single text may argue against this. Prior to the Bronze Age collapse, the Nairi tribes were considered a force strong enough to contend with both Assyria and Hatti. If Nairi and Nihriya are to be identified, then the region was the site of the Battle of Nihriya (), the culminating point of the hostilities between Hittites and Assyrians for control over the remnants of the former kingdom of Mitanni. The first kings of Urartu referred to their kingdom as ''Nairi'' instead of the native self-appellation ''Bianili''. However, the exact relati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tiglath-pileser I
Tiglath-Pileser I (; from the Hebraic form of , "my trust is in the son of Ešarra") was a king of Assyria during the Middle Assyrian period (1114–1076 BC). According to Georges Roux, Tiglath-Pileser was "one of the two or three great Assyrian monarchs since the days of Shamshi-Adad I". He was known for his "wide-ranging military campaigns, his enthusiasm for building projects, and his interest in cuneiform tablet collections". Under him, Assyria became the leading power of the Ancient Near East, a position the kingdom largely maintained for the next five hundred years. He expanded Assyrian control into Anatolia and Syria, and to the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. From his surviving inscriptions, he seems to have carefully cultivated a fear of himself in his subjects and in his enemies alike. The beginning of Tiglath-Pileser's I reign had heavy involvement in military campaigns, as suggested from translated texts from the Middle Assyrian period. The texts were believed to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
