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Butanediol Fermentation
Butanediol, also called butylene glycol, may refer to any one of four stable structural isomers: * 1,2-Butanediol * 1,3-Butanediol * 1,4-Butanediol * 2,3-Butanediol Geminal diols There are also two geminal diols (gem-diols), which are less stable: *1,1-Butanediol, hydrate of butanal *2,2-Butanediol, hydrate of butanone Isobutylene glycol and methylpropanediol Isobutylene glycol may be considered a kind of butylene glycol, similarly to butane historically including ''n''-butane and ''i''-butane (isobutane). The modern name for the closely related type of compounds is methylpropanediol. There are two stable structural isomers: *2-methylpropane-1,2-diol *2-methylpropane-1,3-diol and one unstable geminal diol: *2-methylpropane-1,1-diol (not a glycol), hydrate of 2-methylpropanal (isobutyraldehyde) These three methylpropanediols are structural isomers of butanediols. They are not chiral. Examples 2-Methylpropane-1,3-diol derivatives: * Crisnatol, an experimental medication * 2-Me ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Structural Isomer
In chemistry, a structural isomer (or constitutional isomer in the IUPAC nomenclature) of a compound is a compound that contains the same number and type of atoms, but with a different connectivity (i.e. arrangement of bonds) between them. The term metamer was formerly used for the same concept. For example, butanol , methyl propyl ether , and diethyl ether have the same molecular formula but are three distinct structural isomers. The concept applies also to polyatomic ions with the same total charge. A classical example is the cyanate ion and the fulminate ion . It is also extended to ionic compounds, so that (for example) ammonium cyanate and urea are considered structural isomers,William F. Bynum, E. Janet Browne, Roy Porter (2014)''Dictionary of the History of Science'' page 218. and so are methylammonium formate and ammonium acetate . Structural isomerism is the most radical type of isomerism. It is opposed to stereoisomerism, in which the atoms and bon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crisnatol
Crisnatol (BW-A770U) is an experimental anticancer agent known for its potential in inhibiting the growth of various solid tumors. Research has indicated that crisnatol acts as a DNA- intercalating agent, thereby disrupting the replication process in cancer cells. A Phase I clinical trial was conducted to assess its safety profile, pharmacokinetics, and potential efficacy in patients with solid malignancies. This study highlighted the drug’s ability to inhibit tumor growth, although associated toxicities were observed, necessitating further research to optimize its therapeutic window. Mechanism of action Crisnatol is a synthetic aromatic amine and a potent anticancer compound. It functions by intercalating into DNA and inhibiting topoisomerase activity, which leads to DNA damage and prevents cancer cells from proliferating. It primarily targets solid tumors and shows a higher affinity for melanoma and glioma cells. Due to its lipophilic properties, crisnatol can effectively ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Erythritol
Erythritol (, ) is an organic compound, the naturally occurring achiral meso four-carbon sugar alcohol (or polyol). It is the reduced form of either D- or L- erythrose and one of the two reduced forms of erythrulose. It is used as a food additive and sugar substitute. It is synthesized from corn using enzymes and fermentation. Its formula is , or HO(CH2)(CHOH)2(CH2)OH. Erythritol is 60–70% as sweet as table sugar. However, erythritol is almost completely noncaloric and does not affect blood sugar or cause tooth decay. Japanese companies pioneered the commercial development of erythritol as a sweetener in the 1990s. Etymology The name "erythritol" derives from the Greek word for the color red (''erythros'' or ). That is the case even though erythritol is almost always found in the form of white crystals or powder, and chemical reactions do not turn it red. The name "erythritol" is adapted from a closely-related compound, erythrin, which turns red upon oxidation. Hi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Butanetriol
1,2,4-Butanetriol is an organic compound with the formula . It is an colorless, odorless, hygroscopic, oily liquid. Containing three alcohol groups, it is classified as a polyol, similar to glycerol and erythritol. It is chiral. Uses 1,2,4-Butanetriol is used in the manufacture of butanetriol trinitrate (BTTN), an important component of US military rocket motor solid fuel. As of 2014, it was commercially produced by a single Chinese company. 1,2,4-Butanetriol is also used as a precursor for two cholesterol-lowering drugs, Crestor and Zetia, which are derived from D-3,4-dihydroxybutanoic acid, by using 3-hydroxy-gamma-butyrolactone as a chiral synthon It is used as one of the monomers for manufacture of some polyesters and as a solvent. Preparation 1,2,4-Butanetriol can be prepared synthetically by several methods, such as hydroformylation of glycidol and subsequent reduction of the product. It can also be prepared by reduction of malic acid esters with sodium borohydride. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Butyl Alcohol
Butanol (also called butyl alcohol) is a four-carbon alcohol with a formula of C4 H9 OH, which occurs in five isomeric structures (four structural isomers), from a straight-chain primary alcohol to a branched-chain tertiary alcohol; all are a butyl or isobutyl group linked to a hydroxyl group (sometimes represented as BuOH, ''sec''-BuOH, i-BuOH, and ''t''-BuOH). These are 1-butanol, two stereoisomers of ''sec''-butyl alcohol, isobutanol and ''tert''-butyl alcohol. Butanol is primarily used as a solvent and as an intermediate in chemical synthesis, and may be used as a fuel. Biologically produced butanol is called biobutanol, which may be ''n''-butanol or isobutanol. Isomers The unmodified term ''butanol'' usually refers to the straight chain isomer with the alcohol functional group at the terminal carbon, which is also known as 1-butanol. The straight chain isomer with the alcohol at an internal carbon is ''sec''-butyl alcohol or 2-butanol. The branched isomer with the alcoh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alkanediol
An alkanediol, composed of alkane and diol, are a group of substances consisting of linear or branched hydrocarbon chains containing exactly two hydroxy groups at different positions. They are a subgroup of the diols and contain no other heteroatoms or multiple bond Multiple may refer to: Economics *Multiple finance, a method used to analyze stock prices *Multiples of the price-to-earnings ratio *Chain stores, are also referred to as 'Multiples' *Box office multiple, the ratio of a film's total gross to tha ...s. {{Alcohol-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diol
A diol is a chemical compound containing two hydroxyl groups ( groups). An aliphatic diol may also be called a glycol. This pairing of functional groups is pervasive, and many subcategories have been identified. They are used as protecting groups of carbonyl groups, making them essential in synthesis of organic chemistry. The most common industrial diol is ethylene glycol. Examples of diols in which the hydroxyl functional groups are more widely separated include 1,4-butanediol and propylene-1,3-diol, or beta propylene glycol, . Synthesis of classes of diols Geminal diols A geminal diol has two hydroxyl groups bonded to the same atom. These species arise by hydration of the carbonyl compounds. The hydration is usually unfavorable, but a notable exception is formaldehyde which, in water, exists in equilibrium with methanediol H2C(OH)2. Another example is (F3C)2C(OH)2, the hydrated form of hexafluoroacetone. Many gem-diols undergo further condensation to give dimer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
C4H10O2
The molecular formula C4H10O2 may refer to: * Butanediols ** 1,2-Butanediol ** 1,3-Butanediol ** 1,4-Butanediol ** 2,3-Butanediol * ''tert''-Butyl hydroperoxide * Dimethoxyethane * 2-Ethoxyethanol 2-Ethoxyethanol, also known by the trademark Ethyl cellosolve, is a solvent used widely in commercial and industrial applications. It is a clear, colorless, nearly odorless liquid that is miscible with water, ethanol, diethyl ether, acetone, and e ... * 1-Methoxy-2-propanol * Diethyl peroxide {{Molecular formula disambiguation, C4H10O2 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Active Metabolite
An active metabolite, or pharmacologically active metabolite is a biologically active metabolite of a xenobiotic substance, such as a drug or environmental chemical. Active metabolites may produce therapeutic effects, as well as harmful effects. Metabolites of drugs An active metabolite results when a drug is metabolized by the body into a modified form which produces effects in the body. Usually these effects are similar to those of the parent drug but weaker, although they can still be significant (see e.g. 11-hydroxy-THC, morphine-6-glucuronide). Certain drugs such as codeine and tramadol have metabolites (morphine and ''O''-desmethyltramadol respectively) that are stronger than the parent drug and in these cases the metabolite may be responsible for much of the therapeutic action of the parent drug. Sometimes, however, metabolites may produce toxic effects and patients must be monitored carefully to ensure they do not build up in the body. This is an issue with some well ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2-Methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol
2-Methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol (MPP) is a simple alkyl diol which has sedative, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant effects. Precursor/metabolite It is both a synthetic precursor to, and an active metabolite of tranquilizers and other derivatives: #Carisoprodol # Lorbamate #Meprobamate # Tolboxane # Tybamate See also * 1,3-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol is an organic compound with the formula CH3CH(OH)CH2CH2OH, not to be confused with 1,4 Butanediol. With two alcohol functional groups, the molecule is classified as a diol. The compound without the R (or D) designation is racemic, ... * 1,4-Butanediol * Prenderol References Alkanediols Muscle relaxants {{musculoskeletal-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chirality (chemistry)
In chemistry, a molecule or ion is called chiral () if it cannot be superposed on its mirror image by any combination of rotation (geometry), rotations, translation (geometry), translations, and some Conformational isomerism, conformational changes. This geometric property is called chirality (). The terms are derived from Ancient Greek (''cheir'') 'hand'; which is the canonical example of an object with this property. A chiral molecule or ion exists in two stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other, called enantiomers; they are often distinguished as either "right-handed" or "left-handed" by their absolute configuration or some other criterion. The two enantiomers have the same chemical properties, except when reacting with other chiral compounds. They also have the same physics, physical properties, except that they often have opposite optical activity, optical activities. A homogeneous mixture of the two enantiomers in equal parts is said to be racemic mixture, racem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1,2-Butanediol
1,2-Butanediol is the organic compound with the formula HOCH(HO)CHCHCH. It is classified as a ''vic''-diol (glycol). It is chiral, although typically it is encountered as the racemic mixture. It is a colorless liquid. Preparation This diol was first described by Charles-Adolphe Wurtz in 1859. It is produced industrially by hydration of 1,2-epoxybutane.. : This process requires a ten- to twenty-fold excess of water to suppress the formation of polyethers. Depending on the amount of excess water, the selectivity varies from 70 to 92%. Sulfuric acid or strongly acidic ion exchange resins may be used as catalysts, which allows the reaction to occur under 160 °C and at slightly above atmospheric pressure. 1,2-Butanediol is a byproduct of the production of 1,4-butanediol from butadiene.. It is also a byproduct of the catalytic hydrocracking of starches and sugars such as sorbitol to ethylene glycol and propylene glycol. It can also be obtained from the dihydroxylation of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
