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Bureau De Recherches Géologiques Et Minières
BRGM is France's public reference institution in Earth science, Earth Science applications for the management of surface and Geology, subsurface resources and risks. It also deals with geological surveys of French territory. BRGM was founded in 1959. It is a Établissement public à caractère industriel et commercial, public establishment of an industrial and commercial nature (EPIC). It reports to the ministries in charge of research, ecology, and economical matters. It is based in the French prefecture of Orléans. Michele, Michèle Rousseau is its chair and managing director and Christophe Poinssot its deputy managing director. BRGM's scope covers several activities: scientific research expertise, innovation and transfer, analysis and experimentation, mining risk prevention and safety, higher education, ongoing vocational training, dissemination of knowledge and open science. It employs more than 1,000 people, including over 700 engineers and researchers, at its 27 regional ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cabinet Of France
The Government of France (, ), officially the Government of the French Republic (, ), exercises executive power in France. It is composed of the prime minister, who is the head of government, as well as both senior and junior ministers. The Council of Ministers, the main executive organ of the government, was established in the Constitution in 1958. Its members meet weekly at the Élysée Palace in Paris. The meetings are presided over by the president of France, the head of state, although the officeholder is not a member of the government. The Prime Minister may designate ministers to be titled as ministers of state (), who are the most senior, followed in protocol order by ministers (), ministers delegate (), whereas junior ministers are titled as secretaries of state (). All members of the government, who are appointed by the president following the recommendation of the prime minister, are responsible to the National Assembly, the lower house of the French Parliament. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Légifrance
Légifrance () is the official website of the French government for the publication of legislation, regulations, and legal information. It was established by decree in 2002. Access to the site is free. Virtually complete, it presents or refers to all concerned institutions or administrations, all texts still in force since 1539 and all the upper courts jurisprudence since 1986 as well as the most pertinent one of all courts since 1875. C.E. 19 February 1875, Prince Napoléon, 46707. See also *References ''All tex ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isotope Geochemistry
Isotope geochemistry is an aspect of geology based upon the study of natural variations in the relative abundances of isotopes of various Chemical element, elements. Variations in isotopic abundance are measured by isotope-ratio mass spectrometry, and can reveal information about the ages and origins of rock, air or water bodies, or processes of mixing between them. Stable isotope geochemistry is largely concerned with isotopic variations arising from mass-dependent isotope fractionation, whereas radiogenic isotope geochemistry is concerned with the products of natural radioactivity. Stable isotope geochemistry For most stable isotopes, the magnitude of fractionation from kinetic fractionation, kinetic and equilibrium fractionation is very small; for this reason, enrichments are typically reported in "per mil" (Per mille, ‰, parts per thousand). These enrichments (δ) represent the ratio of heavy isotope to light isotope in the sample over the ratio of a Reference Materials fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metrology
Metrology is the scientific study of measurement. It establishes a common understanding of Unit of measurement, units, crucial in linking human activities. Modern metrology has its roots in the French Revolution's political motivation to standardise units in France when a length standard taken from a natural source was proposed. This led to the creation of the decimal-based metric system in 1795, establishing a set of standards for other types of measurements. Several other countries adopted the metric system between 1795 and 1875; to ensure conformity between the countries, the ''International Bureau of Weights and Measures, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures'' (BIPM) was established by the Metre Convention. This has evolved into the International System of Units (SI) as a result of a resolution at the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in 1960. Metrology is divided into three basic overlapping activities: * The definition of units of measurement * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Environmental Chemistry
Environmental chemistry is the scientific study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural places. It should not be confused with green chemistry, which seeks to reduce potential pollution at its source. It can be defined as the study of the sources, reactions, transport, effects, and fates of chemical species in the air, soil, and water environments; and the effect of human activity and biological activity on these. Environmental chemistry is an interdisciplinary science that includes atmospheric, aquatic and soil chemistry, as well as heavily relying on analytical chemistry and being related to environmental and other areas of science. Environmental chemistry involves first understanding how the uncontaminated environment works, which chemicals in what concentrations are present naturally, and with what effects. Without this it would be impossible to accurately study the effects humans have on the environment through the release of chemicals. Envir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scientific Research
The scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has been referred to while doing science since at least the 17th century. Historically, it was developed through the centuries from the ancient and medieval world. The scientific method involves careful observation coupled with rigorous skepticism, because cognitive assumptions can distort the interpretation of the observation. Scientific inquiry includes creating a testable hypothesis through inductive reasoning, testing it through experiments and statistical analysis, and adjusting or discarding the hypothesis based on the results. Although procedures vary across fields, the underlying process is often similar. In more detail: the scientific method involves making conjectures (hypothetical explanations), predicting the logical consequences of hypothesis, then carrying out experiments or empirical observations based on those predictions. with added notes. Reprinted with previously unpublished part, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Claude Allègre
Claude Allègre (; 31 March 1937 – 4 January 2025) was a French politician and scientist. His work in the field of isotope geochemistry was recognised with the award of many senior medals, including the Crafoord Prize for geosciences in 1986 and the William Bowie Medal of the American Geophysical Union in 1995. His political service included a three-year term as Minister of Education in France, from 1997 to 2000. Early life Allègre was born in Paris on 31 March 1937, and was the eldest of four children. His father was a professor of natural sciences, and his mother was a school headteacher. Allègre's family was from the Hérault region of France. Background and scientific work Allègre's main area of research was in geochemistry. He started work in this field for his doctoral research, where he focussed on ways of dating rocks using isotope geochemistry; specifically radiometric dating. After realising that there was no laboratory in France where he could make measureme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Claude Mandil
Claude Mandil (born 1942 in Lyon, France) is a French businessman. Mandil is a member of the Board of Directors of Total S.A. and is the former executive director of the International Energy Agency (IEA). Education Mandil graduated from France's École polytechnique and École des Mines. From 1967 until 1981, he held various positions with the French Civil Services related to engineering and territorial planning. Career In 1981–1982, he served as a technical advisor in the French Prime Minister's cabinet, responsible for industry, energy and research. In 1982 he was named chief executive officer of the ''Institut de Développement Industriel'' (Institute for Industrial Development). In 1988 he became the director general of the ''Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières'' (Geological and Mining Research Bureau). From 1990 to 1998, Mandil served as director general for energy and raw materials at the Ministry of Industry, Post and Telecommunications. From 1991 to 1998, he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pierre Laffitte
Pierre Laffitte (21 February 1823 – 4 January 1903) was a French positivist philosopher. Laffitte was born at Béguey, Gironde. Residing at Paris as a teacher of mathematics, he became a disciple of Auguste Comte, who appointed him his literary executor. On the schism of the Positivist body which followed Comte's death, he was recognized as head of the section which accepted the full Comtian doctrine; the other section adhered to Émile Littré, who rejected the religion of humanity as inconsistent with the philosophy of science of Comte's earlier period. From 1853 Laffitte delivered Positivist lectures in the room formerly occupied by Comte in the rue Monsieur le Prince. He published ''Les Grands Types de l'humanité'' (1875) and ''Cours de philosophie première'' (1889). In 1893 he was appointed to the new chair founded at the Collège de France for the exposition of the general history of science The history of science covers the development of science from ancient ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean Goguel
Jean Goguel (2 January 1908 – 5 January 1987) was a French geologist and geophysicist. He was an Honorary Fellow of the Geological Societies of America, of London, and of Belgium. He played an important leadership role in the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics and he was made chairman of the European Association of Exploration Geophysicists in 1952 Family Jean Marc Henri Victor Goguel is the son of Maurice Goguel, professor at the Sorbonne and dean of the Protestant theological faculty of Paris, and the brother of François Goguel and Elisabeth Labrousse, philosopher and historian. The family comes from a long line within the French Protestant tradition. Diplomas and titles In 1926, he graduated the Polytechnique. He became an engineer at the Corps des Mines The () is the foremost technical Grand Corps of the French State (). It is composed of the state industrial engineers. The Corps is attached to the French Ministry of Economy and Finance. Its purpose is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geothermal Energy
Geothermal energy is thermal energy extracted from the crust (geology), crust. It combines energy from the formation of the planet and from radioactive decay. Geothermal energy has been exploited as a source of heat and/or electric power for millennia. Geothermal heating, using water from hot springs, for example, has been used for bathing since Paleolithic times and for space heating since Roman times. Geothermal power (generation of electricity from geothermal energy), has been used since the 20th century. Unlike wind and solar energy, geothermal plants produce power at a constant rate, without regard to weather conditions. Geothermal resources are theoretically more than adequate to supply humanity's energy needs. Most extraction occurs in areas near tectonic plate boundaries. The cost of generating geothermal power decreased by 25% during the 1980s and 1990s. Technological advances continued to reduce costs and thereby expand the amount of viable resources. In 2021, the US ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Groundwater
Groundwater is the water present beneath Earth's surface in rock and Pore space in soil, soil pore spaces and in the fractures of stratum, rock formations. About 30 percent of all readily available fresh water in the world is groundwater. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an ''aquifer'' when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the ''water table''. Groundwater is Groundwater recharge, recharged from the surface; it may discharge from the surface naturally at spring (hydrosphere), springs and Seep (hydrology), seeps, and can form oasis, oases or wetlands. Groundwater is also often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal, and industrial use by constructing and operating extraction water well, wells. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is ''hydrogeology'', also called groundwater hydrology. Typically, groundwater is thought o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
