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Bungku–Tolaki Languages
The Bungku–Tolaki languages (also known as Bungku–Mori in older literature) are a group of languages spoken primarily in South East Sulawesi province, Indonesia, and in neighboring parts of Central and South Sulawesi provinces. Languages Mead (1998:117) presents the following tree-model classification for Bungku–Tolaki. This classification is based on the historical-comparative method in linguistics.Mead, David. 1998. ''Proto–Bungku-Tolaki: Reconstruction of its phonology and aspects of its morphosyntax ''. PhD dissertation. Houston: Rice University. *Eastern ** Moronene **East Coast: Bungku, Bahonsuai, Kulisusu (Koroni, Kulisusu, Taloki), Wawonii, Mori Bawah *Western **Interior: Mori Atas (spoken in Mori Atas district of North Morowali Regency), Padoe (spoken in area near Sorowako in Nuha district of East Luwu Regency), Tomadino **West Coast: Tolaki Tolaki (To'olaki) is the major language of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is an Austronesian language ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea, Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state and the List of countries and dependencies by area, 14th-largest country by area, at . With over 280 million people, Indonesia is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fourth-most-populous country and the most populous Islam by country, Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's List of islands by population, most populous island, is home to more than half of the country's population. Indonesia operates as a Presidential system, presidential republic with an elected People's Consultative Assembly, legislature and consists of Provinces of Indonesia, 38 provinces, nine of which have Autonomous administrative divisi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
North Morowali Regency
North Morowali Regency is a regency in the province of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. The regency was established on 12 April 2013, partitioned from the northwestern districts of Morowali Regency (forming almost two-thirds of the regency at that time). It covers an area of 10,004.28 km2 and the component districts which were then in Morowali Regency had a combined population of 104,094 at the 2010 Census.Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. The new regency had 120,789 inhabitants at the 2020 Census;Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 126,049 (comprising 65,690 males and 60,360 females).Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Kabupaten Morowali Utara Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.7212) The principal town lies at Kolonodale. Administrative Districts The North Morowali Regency was divided (following its separation from Morowali Regency in 2013) into seven districts (''kecamatan''), but three further districts (Lembo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proto-Celebic
The Celebic languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, formerly called ''Celebes.'' Almost all of the languages spoken in the provinces of Central Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi belong to the Celebic group. A few Celebic languages (e.g. Wotu, Bonerate) are located in South Sulawesi province. By number of languages (but not by number of speakers), Celebic is the largest subgroup of Austronesian languages on Sulawesi. Subgrouping Internal classification David Mead (2003a:125) classifies the Celebic languages as follows. *Celebic ** Tomini–Tolitoli ** Kaili–Pamona ** Wotu–Wolio ** Eastern *** Saluan–Banggai ***Southeastern **** Bungku–Tolaki **** Muna–Buton More recently, Zobel (2020) proposed that Kaili–Pamona and Wotu–Wolio form a Kaili– Wolio group, which Zobel places as a primary subgroup of Celebic. Furthermore, in Zobel's (2020) classification, Kaili–Wolio is placed as a sister to group ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (PMP) is the reconstructed ancestor of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, which is by far the largest branch (by current speakers) of the Austronesian language family. Proto-Malayo-Polynesian is ancestral to all Austronesian languages spoken outside Taiwan, as well as the Yami language on Taiwan's Orchid Island. The first systematic reconstruction of Proto-Austronesian ("''Uraustronesisch''") by Otto Dempwolff was based on evidence from languages outside of Taiwan, and was therefore actually the first reconstruction of what is now known as Proto-Malayo-Polynesian. Phonology Consonants The following consonants can be reconstructed for Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (Blust 2009): The phonetic value of the reconstructed sounds *p, *b, *w, *m, *t, *d, *n, *s, *l, *r, *k, *g, *ŋ, *q, *h was as indicated by the spelling. The symbols *ñ, *y, *z, *D, *j, *R are orthographic conventions first introduced by Dyen (1947). The assumed phonetic values are given in the t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proto-Austronesian
Proto-Austronesian (commonly abbreviated as PAN or PAn) is a proto-language. It is the reconstructed ancestor of the Austronesian languages, one of the world's major language families. Proto-Austronesian is assumed to have begun to diversify in Taiwan. Lower-level reconstructions have also been made, and include Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, Proto-Oceanic, and Proto-Polynesian. Recently, linguists such as Malcolm Ross and Andrew Pawley have built large lexicons for Proto-Oceanic and Proto-Polynesian. Phonology Proto-Austronesian is reconstructed by constructing sets of correspondences among consonants in the various Austronesian languages, according to the comparative method. Although in theory the result should be unambiguous, in practice given the large number of languages there are numerous disagreements, with various scholars differing significantly on the number and nature of the phonemes in Proto-Austronesian. In the past, some disagreements concerned whether certain corres ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mori Language
In its broad sense, Mori is a cover term used to refer collectively to two languages of Central Sulawesi: Mori Bawah and Mori Atas. Sometimes a third language, Padoe, is also included. History of the term Originally the term ''Mori'' referred only to certain clans living on the upper course of the Laa River in Central Sulawesi, that is, today's Mori Atas or 'Upper Mori' people. After the imposition of Dutch colonial rule in the early twentieth century, the name was extended to include peoples living eastward along the lower course of the Laa and in the Tambalako watershed (today's Mori Bawah or 'Lower Mori'), and southward to peoples around Lake Matano (including the Padoe). Although the languages of these areas were different, the people shared a similar culture, and at that time had also been united under the powerful ruler Marundu. In the present day, the situation has been reversed. Today ''Mori'' in its narrow sense refers principally to the Mori Bawah language ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Waru Language
Waru is an Austronesian language of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, .... References Further reading *Mead, David. 1998. ''Proto-Bungku-Tolaki: Reconstruction of its phonology and aspects of its morphosyntax''. PhD dissertation. Houston: Rice University. *Mead, David. 1999. ''The Bungku–Tolaki languages of south-eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia''. Series D-91. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Bungku–Tolaki languages Languages of Sulawesi {{celebic-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
North Kolaka Regency
North Kolaka Regency is a regency in the northwest part of Southeast Sulawesi province of Indonesia. It was created on 18 December 2003 from the former northern districts of Kolaka Regency. It covers an area of 2,932 km2,This is the figure recorded by the regency BPS; the figure quoted by the province BPS is 3,391.67 km2. and had a population of 121,476 at the 2010 Census,Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. and 137,700 at the 2020 Census;Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 140,488 - comprising 71,995 males and 68,493 females.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Kabupaten Kolaka Utara Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.7408) The principal town lies at Lasusua. Administration The North Kolaka Regency is divided into fifteen districts (''kecamatan''), tabulated below from south to north, with their areas (as given by the regency BPS) and their populations at the 2010 CensusBiro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kodeoha Language
Kodeoha (Kondeha) is an Austronesian language of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, .... Further reading *Mead, David. 1998. ''Proto-Bungku-Tolaki: Reconstruction of its phonology and aspects of its morphosyntax''. PhD dissertation. Houston: Rice University. *Mead, David. 1999. ''The Bungku–Tolaki languages of south-eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia''. Series D-91. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. References Bungku–Tolaki languages Languages of Sulawesi {{celebic-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rahambuu Language
Rahambuu is an Austronesian language of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, .... References Further reading *Mead, David. 1998. ''Proto-Bungku-Tolaki: Reconstruction of its phonology and aspects of its morphosyntax''. PhD dissertation. Houston: Rice University. *Mead, David. 1999. ''The Bungku–Tolaki languages of south-eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia''. Series D-91. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Bungku–Tolaki languages Languages of Sulawesi {{celebic-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tolaki Language
Tolaki (To'olaki) is the major language of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is an Austronesian language The Austronesian languages ( ) are a language family widely spoken throughout Maritime Southeast Asia, parts of Mainland Southeast Asia, Madagascar, the islands of the Pacific Ocean and Taiwan (by Taiwanese indigenous peoples). They are spoken b ... of the Celebic branch. Phonology and are optionally realized as implosives and . can also be heard as a glide . References Bungku–Tolaki languages Languages of Sulawesi {{celebic-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |