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Break-their-bones Policy
"Force, might, and beatings" was the stated policy of Israeli Minister of Defence Yitzhak Rabin to suppress the Palestinian First Intifada in early 1988. Rabin's suppression policy has also been referred to as the "break-their-bones" policy due to allegations that Rabin ordered Israel Defence Forces (IDF) soldiers to break the bones of Palestinian protestors.Farag, Joseph. Politics and Palestinian Literature in Exile: Gender, Aesthetics and Resistance in the Short Story. I.B.Tauris, 2016. Although the Israeli military formally retreated from the policy by the end of February 1988, in the face of significant domestic and international backlash, it continued to use beatings against Palestinian protestors throughout the Intifada. Background Yitzhak Rabin was an Israeli soldier and politician. During the 1940s, he joined the Palmach paramilitary, participating in World War II and the Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine. He then participated in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, whe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Yitzhak Rabin
Yitzhak Rabin (; , ; 1 March 1922 – 4 November 1995) was an Israeli politician, statesman and general. He was the prime minister of Israel, serving two terms in office, 1974–1977, and from 1992 until Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin, his assassination in 1995. Rabin was born in Jerusalem to Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe and was raised in a Labor Zionist household. He learned agriculture in school and excelled as a student. As a teenager, he joined the Palmach, the commando force of the Yishuv. He eventually rose through its ranks to become its chief of operations during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. In late 1948, he joined the newly formed Israel Defense Forces and continued to rise as a promising officer, with a 27-year career as a professional soldier. He ultimately attained the rank of Rav Aluf, the most senior rank in the Israeli Defense Force (often translated as lieutenant general). In the 1950s, Rabin helped shape the training doctrine of the IDF and he led its ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Journal Of Palestine Studies
The ''Journal of Palestine Studies'' (JPS) is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal which has been published since 1971. It is published by Taylor and Francis on behalf of the Institute for Palestine Studies. History and profile The journal was established in 1971. Burhan Dajani, Walid Khalidi, Fuad Sarruf and Constantin Zureiq were instrumental in its start. The founding editor-in-chief was Hisham Sharabi. It is published by Taylor and Francis, having previously been published by the University of California Press. The editors-in-chief are Rashid Khalidi (Columbia University) and Sherene Seikaly (UC Santa Barbara). The journal covers Palestinian affairs and the Arab–Israeli conflict. Abstracting and indexing ''JPS'' is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 0.8. See also *''Arab Studies Quarterly ''Arab Studies Quarterly'' (''ASQ'') is an Engli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Jewish Telegraphic Agency
The Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA) is an international news agency and wire service that primarily covers Judaism- and Jewish-related topics and news. Described as the "Associated Press of the Jewish media", JTA serves Jewish and non-Jewish newspapers and press around the world as a syndication partner. Founded in 1917, it is world Jewry's oldest and most widely-read wire service. History The Jewish Telegraphic Agency was founded in The Hague, Netherlands, as the first Jewish news agency and wire service, then known as the Jewish Correspondence Bureau on February 6, 1917, by 25-year old Jacob Landau (publisher), Jacob Landau. Its mandate was to collect and disseminate news affecting the Jewish communities around the world, especially from the European World War I fronts. In 1919, it moved to London, under its current name. In 1922, the JTA moved its global headquarters to New York City. By 1925, over 400 newspapers, both Jewish and non-Jewish, subscribed to the JTA. In November ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
IAI Lavi
The IAI Lavi (, "lion") is a single-engined fourth-generation jet fighter, fourth-generation multirole jet fighter developed in Israel, by Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI), during the 1980s. The decision to develop the Lavi was controversial, both with the Israeli public, due to the enormous associated costs, and particularly with the U.S. government due to competition with American jets on the export market. By 1984 Israel, with a population of 4 million, had amongst the world's highest military expenditure as a proportion of GDP, at approximately 18.9%, which was considered unsustainable. These issues contributed to the ultimate cancellation of the aircraft, by the Israeli government, during the flight-test phase of development in August 1987. The Israeli cabinet's late-stage cancellation of the program, by a 12–11 vote, continued to arouse controversy and bitterness in Israel for decades, with Moshe Arens, the main political figure behind the Lavi project, stating in 2013 tha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
F-16 Fighting Falcon
The General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon is an American single-engine supersonic Multirole combat aircraft, multirole fighter aircraft originally developed by General Dynamics for the United States Air Force (USAF). Designed as an air superiority day fighter, it evolved into a successful night fighter, all-weather multirole aircraft with over 4,600 built since 1976. Although no longer purchased by the U.S. Air Force, improved versions are being built for export. In 1993, General Dynamics sold its aircraft manufacturing business to the Lockheed Corporation, which became part of Lockheed Martin after a 1995 merger with Martin Marietta. The F-16's key features include a frameless bubble canopy for enhanced cockpit visibility, a side-stick, side-mounted control stick to ease control while maneuvering, an ejection seat reclined 30 degrees from vertical to reduce the effect of g-forces on the pilot, and the first use of a relaxed stability, relaxed static stability/fly-by-wire fligh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
The Nation
''The Nation'' is a progressive American monthly magazine that covers political and cultural news, opinion, and analysis. It was founded on July 6, 1865, as a successor to William Lloyd Garrison's '' The Liberator'', an abolitionist newspaper that closed in 1865, after ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Thereafter, the magazine proceeded to a broader topic, ''The Nation''. An important collaborator of the new magazine was its Literary Editor Wendell Phillips Garrison, son of William. He had at his disposal his father's vast network of contacts. ''The Nation'' is published by its namesake owner, The Nation Company, L.P., at 520 8th Ave New York, NY 10018. It has news bureaus in Washington, D.C., London, and South Africa, with departments covering architecture, art, corporations, defense, environment, films, legal affairs, music, peace and disarmament, poetry, and the United Nations. Circulation peaked at 187,000 in 2006 but dropped t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Middle East Monitor
The Middle East Monitor (MEMO) is a not-for-profit press monitoring organisation and lobbying group that emerged in mid 2009. MEMO is largely focused on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict but writes about other issues in the Middle East, as well. MEMO is pro-Palestinian in orientation, and has been labelled by some commentators as pro- Islamist, pro-Muslim Brotherhood, and pro-Hamas. MEMO is financed by the State of Qatar. Its director is Daud Abdullah, former Deputy Secretary General of the Muslim Council of Britain and the current director of the British Muslim Initiative. Events In June 2011, MEMO organized a speaking tour for Raed Salah, leader of the northern branch of the Islamic Movement in Israel. Salah, who was banned from entering the UK by the home secretary, was held in custody pending deportation until April 2012, when an immigration tribunal ruled that the home secretary had been misled. In 2011, MEMO co-organized an event with Amnesty International and Pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Global Nonviolent Action Database
George Russell Lakey (born November 2, 1937) is an activist, sociologist, and writer who added academic underpinning to the concept of nonviolent revolution. He also refined the practice of experiential training for activists which he calls "Direct Education". A Quaker, he has co-founded and led numerous organizations and campaigns for justice and peace. Early life and education Lakey was born to Dora M. and Russell George Lakey, a slate miner, in Bangor, Pennsylvania. He was identified as a prospective child preacher for his church, and at age 12, he gave a sermon promoting racial equality as the will of God, although his sermon was not well received at the time. He graduated from Cheyney University in Cheyney, Pennsylvania, and also studied at the University of Oslo in Norway, where he married Berit Mathiesen in 1960 and taught at an Oslo high school. He continued his sociology studies at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. Career Activism In the late 1950s, Lake ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Unified National Leadership Of The Uprising
The Unified National Leadership of the Uprising (UNLU; ) was a coalition of local Palestinian leadership during the First Intifada. By the late 1980s, the central Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) leadership had largely been exiled, imprisoned, or killed by Israeli forces. As a result, when the First Intifada broke out as spontaneous mass demonstrations in 1987, the PLO leadership was caught by surprise, and could only indirectly influence the events. In its place, the UNLU emerged as a new local leadership, mobilising many grassroots Palestinian groups, including women's committees, labour unions, and student unions, the Palestine Communist Party, as well as local branches of PLO factions, notably of Fatah, the PFLP, and the DFLP.Zachary Lockman, Joel Beinin (1989) Intifada: The Palestinian Uprising Against Israeli Occupation South End Press, and 9780896083639 p 39 The UNLU played the leading role in organising the uprising, and was the focus of the social cohesion th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Women In The First Intifada
Palestinian women played significant roles in leading and organising the First Intifada, from 1987 to 1991. Xanthe Scharff of ''Foreign Policy'' wrote that the First Intifada was a "largely nonviolent Palestinian struggle" that was "a collective social, economic, and political mobilisation led by women." Nahla Abdo of Queen's University at Kingston wrote that the Intifada "combines the trajectories of two movements: a national liberation movement and a women's movement." Background After Israel's victory in the Six-Day War in 1967, Israel has occupied the Palestinian territories, including the West Bank. The occupation has been controversial, with Israel accused of Legality of the Israeli occupation of Palestine, violating international law, as well as committing Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel, human rights abuses and Israeli apartheid, apartheid against Palestinians. The Israeli government has also actively promoted the creation and growth of Israeli s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Palestinian Flag
The flag of the State of Palestine () is a tricolour of three equal horizontal stripes—black, white, and green from top to bottom—overlaid by a red triangle issuing from the hoist. It displays the pan-Arab colours, which were first combined in the current style during the 1916 Arab Revolt, and represents the Palestinian people and the State of Palestine. Used since the 1920s, the Palestinian flag's overall design is almost identical to the flag of the Arab Revolt, with the pan-Arab colours representing four historical Arab dynasties. It was flown during the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine and has also been used extensively in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, especially after it was officially adopted as the Palestinian people's flag when the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was founded in 1964. Since 2015, the State of Palestine has observed a Flag Day every 30 September. Since 2021, the Palestinian flag has been lowered to half-mast every 2 November to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Cooperatives In The First Intifada
During the First Intifada, from 1987 to 1991, Palestinians established a number of cooperatives with the goal of increasing the autonomy of the Palestinian economy. Background On 9 December 1987, an Israeli truck driver collided with and killed four Palestinians in the Jabalia refugee camp. The incident sparked the largest wave of Palestinian unrest since the Israeli occupation began in 1967: the First Intifada. During the early stages, the Intifada was largely characterised by a non-violent campaign led by a decentralised, grassroots leadership, with actions including labour strikes, tax strikes, boycotts of Israeli goods, boycotts of Israeli institutions, demonstrations, the establishment of underground classrooms and cooperatives, raisings of the banned Palestinian flag, and civil disobedience. The Israeli government responded to the breakout of the Intifada with a harsh crackdown, however, and the Intifada grew more violent during its last stages, including Palestinian inte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
